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English to Portuguese: Electrical Engineering - Video Subtitles General field: Science Detailed field: Electronics / Elect Eng
Source text - English WEBVTT
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.530
In general, AC power
distribution systems
00:00:03.530 --> 00:00:08.690
are classified as single-phase,
two-phase, or three-phase.
00:00:08.690 --> 00:00:11.480
Single-phase circuits
involve a single source
00:00:11.480 --> 00:00:15.190
connected to the loads
through two-wire systems.
00:00:15.190 --> 00:00:19.430
Single-phase systems are used
in households to power 120-V
00:00:19.430 --> 00:00:23.560
and 240-V appliances
such as lamps, TVs,
00:00:23.560 --> 00:00:25.860
or central air conditioners.
00:00:25.860 --> 00:00:28.960
A two-phase three-wire
system has two sources,
00:00:28.960 --> 00:00:31.480
where the voltage
generated by the second one
00:00:31.480 --> 00:00:34.010
lags the other by 90 degrees.
00:00:34.010 --> 00:00:37.030
In contrast, a three-phase
four-wire system
00:00:37.030 --> 00:00:41.110
consists of three sources with
the same amplitude, frequency,
00:00:41.110 --> 00:00:44.520
and phase difference of
120 degrees, connected
00:00:44.520 --> 00:00:46.380
to three loads.
00:00:46.380 --> 00:00:48.810
The three-phase source
and three-phase load
00:00:48.810 --> 00:00:52.000
can be either Y-
or delta-connected.
00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:54.840
These circuits are used
in industrial applications
00:00:54.840 --> 00:00:57.830
like powering an induction
motor, when required,
00:00:57.830 --> 00:01:01.290
they can be used to provide
single-phase inputs.
00:01:01.290 --> 00:01:03.780
The instantaneous
power in these systems
00:01:03.780 --> 00:01:06.220
has a much lower pulsation
than that delivered
00:01:06.220 --> 00:01:09.660
by a single-phase system,
ensuring a more uniform power
00:01:09.660 --> 00:01:12.680
transmission and less vibration.
00:01:12.680 --> 00:01:15.560
They require less
conductor material or wire
00:01:15.560 --> 00:01:17.880
to transmit the
same power, making
00:01:17.880 --> 00:01:21.470
them more economical
than the single-phase.
00:01:21.470 --> 00:01:22.000
Translation - Portuguese WEBVTT
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.530
Em geral, os sistemas de
distribuição de energia CA
00:00:03.530 --> 00:00:08.690
são classificados como monofásicos,
bifásicos ou trifásicos.
00:00:08.690 --> 00:00:11.480
Os circuitos monofásicos
envolvem uma única fonte
00:00:11.480 --> 00:00:15.190
conectada às cargas através
de sistemas de dois fios.
00:00:15.190 --> 00:00:19.430
Os sistemas monofásicos são
usados em residências para
00:00:19.430 --> 00:00:23.560
alimentar aparelhos de 120 V
e 240 V, como lâmpadas, TVs
00:00:23.560 --> 00:00:25.860
ou aparelhos de ar
condicionado centrais.
00:00:25.860 --> 00:00:28.960
Um sistema bifásico de três
fios possui duas fontes,
00:00:28.960 --> 00:00:31.480
onde a tensão gerada pela
segunda está atrasada
00:00:31.480 --> 00:00:34.010
em 90 graus em relação à
outra.
00:00:34.010 --> 00:00:37.030
Em contraste, um sistema
trifásico de quatro fios
00:00:37.030 --> 00:00:41.110
consiste em três fontes com a
mesma amplitude, frequência
00:00:41.110 --> 00:00:44.520
e diferença de fase de 120
graus,
00:00:44.520 --> 00:00:46.380
conectadas a três cargas.
00:00:46.380 --> 00:00:48.810
A fonte trifásica e a carga
trifásica
00:00:48.810 --> 00:00:52.000
podem ser conectadas em Y ou
delta.
00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:54.840
Esses circuitos são utilizados
em aplicações industriais
00:00:54.840 --> 00:00:57.830
como alimentar um motor de
indução, quando necessário,
00:00:57.830 --> 00:01:01.290
podem ser utilizados para
fornecer entradas monofásicas.
00:01:01.290 --> 00:01:03.780
A potência instantânea nestes
sistemas tem uma pulsação
00:01:03.780 --> 00:01:06.220
muito menor do que a fornecida
por um sistema monofásico,
00:01:06.220 --> 00:01:09.660
garantindo uma transmissão de
potência mais uniforme
00:01:09.660 --> 00:01:12.680
e menos vibração.
00:01:12.680 --> 00:01:15.560
Eles exigem menos material
condutor ou fio para transmitir
00:01:15.560 --> 00:01:17.880
a mesma potência, tornando-os
mais econômicos
00:01:17.880 --> 00:01:21.470
que os monofásicos.
00:01:21.470 --> 00:01:22.000
English to Portuguese: Discretamente, governo federal mira na expansão da produção de energia nuclear no Brasil General field: Science Detailed field: Nuclear Eng/Sci
Source text - English Discretamente, governo federal mira na expansão da produção de energia nuclear no Brasil
Medidas incluem retomada das obras de Angra 3, volta da mineração de urânio e anúncio de uma nova usina até 2031. Mas especialistas sustentam que fontes solar e eólica são mais estratégicas para o país.
A energia nuclear voltou a entrar no horizonte do futuro energético do Brasil, ainda que de forma discreta. Várias iniciativas foram adotadas pelo governo federal para incrementar o setor, tanto do ponto de vista da infraestrutura como administrativo. Segundo declarou o ministro de Minas e Energia, Bento Albuquerque, em fins de novembro, o objetivo é expandir até cinco vezes a capacidade de geração de energia elétrica por via nuclear. Ele atribuiu a retomada de investimentos no setor ao “processo de transição energética em busca de uma economia de baixo carbono”, tendo como horizonte a busca mundial pela diminuição da emissão de gases do efeito estufa. Albuquerque estimou que, até 2050, 60 milhões de brasileiros poderiam ser abastecidos pela eletricidade gerada por usinas nucleares.
A iniciativa mais recente, anunciada em 6 de janeiro, foi a assinatura de um convênio entre o Ministério de Minas e Energia e o Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica (CEPEL) para selecionar locais para a construção de novas usinas. Ela se soma a outras medidas adotadas ao longo do último ano, que incluíram a retomada da produção de urânio, após um hiato de cinco anos, com a instalação da Mina do Engenho em Caetité, na Bahia; o reinício das obras da usina nuclear de Angra 3, paralisadas desde 2015; a criação da Autoridade Nacional de Segurança Nuclear (ANSN) para “monitorar, regular e fiscalizar as atividades e instalações nucleares no país”; a inauguração de uma nova cascata de enriquecimento de urânio no Rio de Janeiro; e o anúncio de planos para começar a construir uma nova usina nuclear, antes mesmo que se completasse a usina de Angra 3, que ficaria pronta até 2031.
Todas essas medidas estão dentro do contexto do Plano Nacional de Energia 2050, aprovado em dezembro de 2020 pelo Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME). O documento prevê o aumento de até cinco vezes da oferta de energia nuclear dentro da matriz elétrica brasileira nos próximos 30 anos — atualmente, as duas usinas em funcionamento têm, juntas, uma potência de aproximadamente 2 GW (gigawatts). A meta é alcançar uma capacidade de geração entre 8 e 10 GW no período estipulado, e a conclusão de Angra 3, prevista para o fim de 2026, promete acrescentar 1,4 GW de potência.
Contudo, embora o movimento de apostar na energia nuclear como alternativa sustentável esteja sendo ensaiado em alguns países — a União Europeia (UE), por exemplo, propôs, no início de 2022, a classificação desta fonte como “verde” para aumentar as possibilidades de investimento — , especialistas ouvidos pelo Jornal da Unesp discordam da adoção desta estratégia no Brasil. As razões envolvem os riscos operacionais intrínsecos e, principalmente, o potencial brasileiro subaproveitado de outras fontes mais baratas, limpas e seguras, como a eólica e a solar, somado à já existente e significativa estrutura de usinas hidrelétricas no país.
Geração por energia eólica explodiu no Brasil
“É compreensível que, devido a limitações geográficas, a França invista em energia nuclear. Inclusive, a maior parte da energia elétrica gerada na França é de origem nuclear. Mas o Brasil não necessita disso. Estamos longe de esgotar nossa capacidade de geração de energia”, argumenta Antônio Martins, físico e docente do Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental do Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT) da Unesp Sorocaba. Mestre em física e doutor em engenharia elétrica, ele estuda a evolução da matriz energética brasileira em comparação com a de outros países.
A França, que tem cerca de 70% de sua matriz elétrica dependente de usinas nucleares, assumiu a presidência rotativa da UE em 1 de janeiro e é uma das forças que apoiam a classificação da energia nuclear como “sustentável”. No Brasil, a energia nuclear responde por apenas cerca de 1% da geração de eletricidade.
O processo de desenvolvimento do uso da energia nuclear em nosso país teve início ainda nos anos 1950 e se revelou demorado e turbulento, com denúncias de corrupção e décadas de paralisações das construções. Martins destaca que, em comparação, a geração eólica em nosso país apresentou um crescimento gigantesco e rapidíssimo. Em 2006 a capacidade instalada de geração de eletricidade pela matriz eólica era de apenas 0,2 GW. No fim de 2021, ela já beirava 20,1 GW, um aumento de 100 vezes. Nesses 15 anos, ela saltou de uma participação de menos de 1% da matriz elétrica nacional para 11,11%, com tendência de crescimento ainda maior nos próximos anos.
Outra fonte energética mais interessante em ascensão, segundo os estudiosos, é a solar. Embora entre nós seu emprego tenha se iniciado mais recentemente – a primeira usina solar brasileira foi instalada somente em 2011 – sua contribuição para a matriz energética brasileira já é o dobro da nuclear (2,51% contra 1,09%, em dados de dezembro de 2021). “Uma vantagem interessante da energia solar é que ela permite um modelo descentralizado de geração, que é diferente do modelo centralizado, do qual a nuclear e a maioria das outras fazem parte. No modelo centralizado, tem-se um único lugar que gera energia e ela tem que ser transportada, o que gera perdas que podem chegar até a ordem de 10%. No caso da energia solar, você gera e utiliza energia em sua própria casa”, comenta Martins.
Para a física Emiko Okuno, professora aposentada do Departamento de Física Nuclear do Instituto de Física da USP e autora de livros sobre o tema, “em minha opinião, não faz sentido” investir na ampliação da matriz nuclear em nosso país. “No Brasil, há inúmeras fontes alternativas de energia. O país é ensolarado quase o ano todo. As marés da imensa costa do território nacional são outra alternativa. Pode-se utilizar também a energia eólica”, pondera.
Os riscos e impactos ambientais da energia nuclear
Um dos argumentos mais utilizados pelos grupos que apoiam a expansão da matriz nuclear é o de que se trata de uma fonte “limpa”, com baixa emissão de gases poluentes na atmosfera. De fato, o vapor gerado nas usinas nucleares é formado por água, o que, por si só, não traz riscos para o meio ambiente. Entretanto, ambientalistas ponderam que é necessário considerar todo o ciclo de valor envolvido no processo de geração da energia nuclear, que vai desde a extração e enriquecimento de urânio até o tratamento dos resíduos radioativos após sua utilização nas usinas.
“Não foi resolvida a questão dos resíduos radioativos. Mesmo a Alemanha, que já está abandonando a energia nuclear, ainda não definiu qual será a destinação dos resíduos”, afirma Marcelo Laterman, porta-voz do Greenpeace Brasil e especialista em Ciências Ambientais e Energia. São necessários milênios até que o urânio, o principal combustível das usinas nucleares, deixe de representar risco à vida. Até que isso aconteça, as autoridades precisam armazená-lo em segurança, de forma que não ocorram vazamentos e exposição da biodiversidade à radioatividade.
Elaborar uma estratégia que garanta o total isolamento do urânio por milhares de anos, considerando todas as variáveis que podem surgir com o passar dos séculos, é um desafio complexo, e não são os alemães que enfrentam dificuldades em solucioná-lo. “O descarte desses resíduos é um problema em todo o mundo”, diz Emiko Okuno. “Como ele se manterá perigoso por milênios, há até o problema quanto a qual língua empregar para deixar uma mensagem sobre sua periculosidade para as próximas gerações, uma vez que não sabemos qual língua será usada então”, diz.
Há também o aspecto dos outros impactos ambientais envolvidos no processo de geração de energia a partir dessa fonte. “Os reatores das usinas aquecem muito, e o resfriamento é feito com a água (dos rios), que tem sua temperatura elevada e evapora. Tudo isso gera graves impactos para a biodiversidade local. Outro fator é que, para minerar o urânio, são empregadas máquinas que emitem gases poluentes. E, hoje, o Brasil está minerando urânio em Caetité, na Bahia, e também é preciso levar em conta o processo de transporte desse combustível”, diz Laterman.
Também é impossível desconsiderar o risco de acidentes nas usinas. Embora a estrutura destas instalações seja reconhecidamente segura, e a probabilidade de que algo grave aconteça seja remota, os possíveis acidentes podem custar a vida de milhares de pessoas, causar doenças nas populações de cidades próximas afetadas pela névoa radioativa e, também, gerar danos ambientais irreversíveis.
Todas essas possibilidades foram o combustível que movimentou décadas de manifestações anti-nucleares por parte de grupos ambientalistas. E o coro de críticos só se tornou mais forte quando ocorreu o acidente com a usina nuclear de Fukushima, no Japão, atingida por um tsunami em 2011. Após o acidentes, países que dependiam bastante da energia nuclear, como Alemanha e Bélgica, anunciaram projetos para a desativação completa de seus reatores nos próximos anos. E Alemanha, Áustria e Espanha também já se manifestaram contra a recente proposta do bloco europeu de classificar a energia nuclear como “verde”.
Propaganda quer melhorar imagem da energia nuclear
Ainda em 2018, quando Bento Albuquerque era um almirante da Marinha recém-indicado como futuro ministro de Minas e Energia por Jair Bolsonaro, ele já havia se manifestado favoravelmente a uma retomada dos investimentos do Estado brasileiro na área nuclear. De lá para cá, o projeto tem sido tocado no ritmo “devagar e sempre”, sem chamar muita atenção. Nos últimos doze meses, porém, ganhou algum momentum e visibilidade. Entre novembro e dezembro de 2021, chegou-se a veicular uma campanha publicitária da Eletronuclear em canais de TV fechada e no rádio. O intuito era apresentar a matriz nuclear de uma forma mais favorável junto à opinião pública brasileira.
Em paralelo às iniciativas do governo, o tema voltou a ser abordado por especialistas da área, também de forma discreta. Ainda em 2019, no começo do governo Bolsonaro, um boletim editado pela FGV Energia, um centro de pesquisas ligado à Fundação Getúlio Vargas de São Paulo, compilou as visões de 14 profissionais da área e estudiosos do tema no Brasil. O levantamento apontava diversos possíveis benefícios, para além da questão climática. “A energia nuclear é uma fonte limpa, que demanda uma pequena área de geração, preservando grandes extensões para agricultura e outras atividades, além de gerar pouco resíduo se comparado às térmicas”, afirmou Luis Maurício Azevedo, presidente da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa Mineral (ABPM). Dorel Soares Ramos, professor do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas da USP, destacou as vantagens trazidas pela exploração de urânio como parte de um programa de geração nuclear. “Alavanca a economia, o PIB do país se eleva, pois é uma indústria de base que produz e gera emprego. Pode ser muito importante e vantajosa para o país a exploração de urânio, dependendo da magnitude do programa”, diz ele.
Já no final de 2021, Adriano Pires, diretor do Centro Brasileiro de Infraestrutura, defendeu em artigo que as usinas podem proporcionar uma estabilidade bem-vinda no fornecimento de energia em tempos de instabilidades no clima. “A expansão da geração nuclear é importante para o Brasil por garantir segurança no fornecimento de energia elétrica, evitando que o país fique suscetível às adversidades climáticas, trazendo confiabilidade à matriz elétrica brasileira”, diz. Para Martins, no entanto, nenhum desses argumentos pode justificar a opção por retomar a construção de novas usinas. “Sou favorável ao investimento em pesquisas nessa área, para manter o país em dia com a ciência mundial. Mas, estrategicamente, não faz o mínimo sentido essa opção no Brasil, devido ao potencial energético ainda subaproveitado em outras fontes mais interessantes para nós”, diz. “Não é questão de ser a favor ou contra a energia nuclear.”
Translation - Portuguese Discreetly, the Federal Government Aims at Expanding Nuclear
Energy Production in Brazil
Measures include the resumption of Angra 3 construction, the revival of uranium mining, and the
announcement of a new plant by 2031. However, experts argue that solar and wind sources are more strategic
for the country.
Nuclear energy has discreetly re
entered Brazil's energy future horizon. Several initiatives have been adopted by the federal
government to boost the sector, both in terms of infrastructure and administration. As stated by the Minister of Mines and En ergy,
Bento Albuquerque, in late November, the goal is to expand nuclear power generation capacity up to five times. He attributed the
renewed investments in the sector to the "energy transition process towards a low carbon economy," aligning with the global
pu rsuit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Albuquerque estimated that by 2050, 60 million Brazilians could be supplied with
electricity generated by nuclear power plants.
The most recent initiative, announced on January 6, was the signing of an agreement between the Ministry of Mines and Energy
and
the Electric Energy Research Center (CEPEL) to select locations for the construction of new plants. This complements other me as ures
taken over the past year, including the resumption of uranium production after a five year hiatus with the installation of the
Engenho Mine in Caetité, Bahia; the restart of construction on the Angra 3 nuclear plant, halted since 2015; the creation of the
National Nuclear Safety Authority (ANSN) to "monitor, regulate, and supervise nuclear activities and facilities in the countr y"; the
inauguration of a new uranium enrichment cascade in Rio de Janeiro; and plans to begin constructing a new nuclear plan t even
before the completion of Angra 3, expected by 2031.
All these measures are part of the National Energy Plan 2050, approved in December 2020 by the Ministry of Mines and Energy
(MME). The plan envisions a potential fivefold increase in nuclear energy supply within Brazil's electricity matrix over the next 30
years. Currently, the two operating plants have a combined capacity of approximately 2 GW (gigawatts). The goal is to achieve a
generation capacity between 8 and 10 GW within the stipulated period, with the completion of Angra 3, promising to add 1.4 GW o f
power by the end of 2026.
However, despite some countries exploring nuclear energy as a sustainable alternative
the European Union, for instance, proposed
in early 2022 to classify this source as "green" to boost investment experts interviewed by the Jornal da Unesp disagree with
a dopting this strategy in Brazil. Reasons include intrinsic operational risks and, primarily, the underutilized potential of c heaper,
cleaner, and safer sources like wind and solar, coupled with the existing substantial infrastructure of hydroelectric plant s in the
country.
Wind Energy Generation Surges in Brazil
"It is understandable that, due to geographical limitations, France invests in nuclear energy. In fact, the majority of elect
ricity
generated in France comes from nuclear sources. But Brazil does not need that. We are far from exhausting our energy generati on
capacity," argues Antonio Martins, a physicist and professor at the Department of Environmental Engineering at the Institute of
Science and Technology (ICT) of Unesp Sorocaba. With a master's in physics and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering, he studies the
evolution of the Brazilian energy matrix compared to other countries.
France, which relies on nuclear power for about 70% of its electricity, assumed the rotating presidency of the EU on January
France, which relies on nuclear power for about 70% of its electricity, assumed the rotating presidency of the EU on January 1 and 1 and supports classifying nuclear energy as "sustainable." In Brazil, nuclear energy accounts for only about 1% of electricity gensupports classifying nuclear energy as "sustainable." In Brazil, nuclear energy accounts for only about 1% of electricity generation.eration.
The development of nuclear energy use in Brazil began in the 1950s and proved to be slow and turbulent, marked by corruption
The development of nuclear energy use in Brazil began in the 1950s and proved to be slow and turbulent, marked by corruption allegations and decades of construction halts. Martins highlights that, in comparison, wind energy in Brazil has shown tremenallegations and decades of construction halts. Martins highlights that, in comparison, wind energy in Brazil has shown tremendous dous aand rapid growth. In 2006, the installed capacity for electricity generation from wind was only 0.2 GW. By the end of 2021, itnd rapid growth. In 2006, the installed capacity for electricity generation from wind was only 0.2 GW. By the end of 2021, it had had reached nearly 20.1 GW, a 100reached nearly 20.1 GW, a 100--fold increase. In these 15 years, it jumped from contributing less than 1% to the national electfold increase. In these 15 years, it jumped from contributing less than 1% to the national electricity ricity matrix to 11.11%, with a growing trend in the coming years.matrix to 11.11%, with a growing trend in the coming years.
Another rising and more interesting energy source, according to scholars, is solar. Although its use started more recently in
Another rising and more interesting energy source, according to scholars, is solar. Although its use started more recently in BrazilBrazil——the first solar plant was installed only in 2011the first solar plant was installed only in 2011——its contribution to the Brazilian energy matrix is already double that of its contribution to the Brazilian energy matrix is already double that of nuclear nuclear energy (2.51% versus 1.09%, as of December 2021). "An interesting advantage of solar energy is that it allows a decentralizedenergy (2.51% versus 1.09%, as of December 2021). "An interesting advantage of solar energy is that it allows a decentralized generation model, unlike the centralized model, of which nuclear and most others are part. In the centralized model, theregeneration model, unlike the centralized model, of which nuclear and most others are part. In the centralized model, there is a single is a single place that generates energy, and it has to be transported, leading to losses that can reach up to 10%. In the case of solar eplace that generates energy, and it has to be transported, leading to losses that can reach up to 10%. In the case of solar energy, you nergy, you generate and use energy in your own home," comments Martins.generate and use energy in your own home," comments Martins.
For physicist Emiko Okuno, a retired professor from the Department of Nuclear Physics at the Institute of Physics at USP and
For physicist Emiko Okuno, a retired professor from the Department of Nuclear Physics at the Institute of Physics at USP and author author of books on the subject, "in my opinion, it makes no sense" to invest in expanding the nuclear matrix in our country. "In Brof books on the subject, "in my opinion, it makes no sense" to invest in expanding the nuclear matrix in our country. "In Brazil, there azil, there are numerous alternative energy sources. The country is sunny almost all year round. The tides along the vast coastline are aare numerous alternative energy sources. The country is sunny almost all year round. The tides along the vast coastline are another nother alternative. Wind energy can also be utilized," she considers.alternative. Wind energy can also be utilized," she considers.
Risks and Environmental Impacts of Nuclear Energy
Risks and Environmental Impacts of Nuclear Energy
One of the most commonly used arguments by groups supporting the expansion of the nuclear matrix is that it is a "clean" sour
One of the most commonly used arguments by groups supporting the expansion of the nuclear matrix is that it is a "clean" source ce with low emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Indeed, the vapor generated in nuclear plants is made up of water, whicwith low emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Indeed, the vapor generated in nuclear plants is made up of water, which, h, by by itself, poses no risks to the environment. However, environmentalists argue that the entire value cycle involved in the nucleitself, poses no risks to the environment. However, environmentalists argue that the entire value cycle involved in the nuclear ar energy generation process must be considered, from uranium extraction and enrichment to the treatment of radioactive waste aftenergy generation process must be considered, from uranium extraction and enrichment to the treatment of radioactive waste after er use in plants.use in plants.
"The issue of radioactive waste has not been resolved. Even Germany, which is already abandoning nuclear energy, has not yet
"The issue of radioactive waste has not been resolved. Even Germany, which is already abandoning nuclear energy, has not yet decided on the disposal of waste," says Marcelo Laterman, spokesperson for Greenpeace Brazil and an expert in Environmental decided on the disposal of waste," says Marcelo Laterman, spokesperson for Greenpeace Brazil and an expert in Environmental ScienceSciences and Energy. It takes millennia for uranium, the primary fuel for nuclear plants, to cease posing a risk to life. Until thens and Energy. It takes millennia for uranium, the primary fuel for nuclear plants, to cease posing a risk to life. Until then, , authorities need to store it securely to prevent leaks and exposure of biodiversity to radioactivity.authorities need to store it securely to prevent leaks and exposure of biodiversity to radioactivity.
Formulating a strategy that ensures the complete isolation of uranium for thousands of years, considering all the variables t
Formulating a strategy that ensures the complete isolation of uranium for thousands of years, considering all the variables that may hat may arise over the centuries, is a complex challenge, and it is not only the Germans who face difficulties in solving it. "The arise over the centuries, is a complex challenge, and it is not only the Germans who face difficulties in solving it. "The disposal of disposal of these wastes is a problem worldwide," says Emiko Okuno. "As it remains dangerous for millennia, there is even the issue of whthese wastes is a problem worldwide," says Emiko Okuno. "As it remains dangerous for millennia, there is even the issue of which ich language to use to leave a message about its danger for future generations, as we do not know which language will blanguage to use to leave a message about its danger for future generations, as we do not know which language will be used then."e used then."
There is also the aspect of other environmental impacts involved in the energy generation process from this source. "The reac
There is also the aspect of other environmental impacts involved in the energy generation process from this source. "The reactors in tors in the plants heat up, and cooling is done with water (from rivers), which has its temperature raised and evaporates. All of tthe plants heat up, and cooling is done with water (from rivers), which has its temperature raised and evaporates. All of this has his has serious impacts on local biodiversity. Another factor is that machines emitting polluting gases are used to mine uranium, andserious impacts on local biodiversity. Another factor is that machines emitting polluting gases are used to mine uranium, and, today, , today, Brazil is mining uranium in Caetité, Bahia, and the transportation process of this fuel must also be taken into acBrazil is mining uranium in Caetité, Bahia, and the transportation process of this fuel must also be taken into account," says count," says Laterman.Laterman.
It is also impossible to overlook the risk of accidents at plants. Although the structure of these installations is recognize
It is also impossible to overlook the risk of accidents at plants. Although the structure of these installations is recognized as safe, and d as safe, and the likelihood of a severe incident is remote, potential accidents can cost the lives of thousands, cause diseases ithe likelihood of a severe incident is remote, potential accidents can cost the lives of thousands, cause diseases in populations of n populations of nearby cities affected by radioactive mist, and also generate irreversible environmental damage.nearby cities affected by radioactive mist, and also generate irreversible environmental damage.
All these possibilities fueled decades of anti
All these possibilities fueled decades of anti--nuclear protests by environmentalist groups. The chorus of critics grew louder when the nuclear protests by environmentalist groups. The chorus of critics grew louder when the Fukushima nuclear plant accident occurred in Japan, hit by a tsunami in 2011. After the accidents, countries highly depenFukushima nuclear plant accident occurred in Japan, hit by a tsunami in 2011. After the accidents, countries highly dependent on dent on nuclear energy, such as Germany and Belgium, announced projects for the complete decommissioning of their reactors in the nuclear energy, such as Germany and Belgium, announced projects for the complete decommissioning of their reactors in the coming years. Germany, Austria, and Spain have also expressed opposition to the recent proposal by the European bloc to classcoming years. Germany, Austria, and Spain have also expressed opposition to the recent proposal by the European bloc to classiify fy nuclear energy as "green."nuclear energy as "green."
Adverti
Advertisementsement Aims to Improve the Image of Nuclear EnergyAims to Improve the Image of Nuclear Energy
Back in 2018, when Bento Albuquerque was a newly appointed Navy admiral as the future Minister of Mines and Energy by Jair
Back in 2018, when Bento Albuquerque was a newly appointed Navy admiral as the future Minister of Mines and Energy by Jair Bolsonaro, he had already expressed support for a resumption of Brazilian state investments in the nuclear area. Since then, Bolsonaro, he had already expressed support for a resumption of Brazilian state investments in the nuclear area. Since then, the the projproject has been carried out at a "slow and steady" pace, without attracting much attention. In the last twelve months, however, ect has been carried out at a "slow and steady" pace, without attracting much attention. In the last twelve months, however, it it gained some momentum and visibility. Between November and December 2021, an advertising campaign by Eletronuclear was aired gained some momentum and visibility. Between November and December 2021, an advertising campaign by Eletronuclear was aired on con cable TV channels and radio. The intention was to present the nuclear matrix in a more favorable light to the Brazilian publicable TV channels and radio. The intention was to present the nuclear matrix in a more favorable light to the Brazilian public..
In parallel with government initiatives, the topic has been discreetly addressed by experts in the field. In 2019, at the beg
In parallel with government initiatives, the topic has been discreetly addressed by experts in the field. In 2019, at the beginning of inning of the Bolsonaro government, a bulletin edited by FGV Energia, a research center linked to the Getúlio Vargas Foundation in the Bolsonaro government, a bulletin edited by FGV Energia, a research center linked to the Getúlio Vargas Foundation in São Paulo, São Paulo, compiled the views of 14 professionals and scholars in the field in Brazil. The survey pointed out various potential benefitscompiled the views of 14 professionals and scholars in the field in Brazil. The survey pointed out various potential benefits beyond beyond the climate issue. "Nuclear energy is a clean source that requires a small generation area, preserving large arethe climate issue. "Nuclear energy is a clean source that requires a small generation area, preserving large areas for agriculture and as for agriculture and other activities, in addition to generating little waste compared to thermal plants," said Luis Maurício Azevedo, president oother activities, in addition to generating little waste compared to thermal plants," said Luis Maurício Azevedo, president of the f the Brazilian Association of Mineral Research Companies (ABPM). Dorel Soares Ramos, a professor in the DepBrazilian Association of Mineral Research Companies (ABPM). Dorel Soares Ramos, a professor in the Department of Electrical artment of Electrical Energy and Automation Engineering at USP, highlighted the advantages of exploring uranium as part of a nuclear generation Energy and Automation Engineering at USP, highlighted the advantages of exploring uranium as part of a nuclear generation program. "It boosts the program. "It boosts the economy;economy; the country's GDP rises because it is a basic industry that produces and creates jobs. The the country's GDP rises because it is a basic industry that produces and creates jobs. The exploration of uranium can be very important and advantageous for the country, depending on the scale of the program," he sayexploration of uranium can be very important and advantageous for the country, depending on the scale of the program," he says.s.
In late 2021, Adriano Pires, director of the Brazilian Center for Infrastructure, argued in an article that plants can provid
In late 2021, Adriano Pires, director of the Brazilian Center for Infrastructure, argued in an article that plants can provide a welcome e a welcome stability in energy supply during times of climate instability. "The expansion of nuclear generation is important for Bstability in energy supply during times of climate instability. "The expansion of nuclear generation is important for Brazil to ensure razil to ensure security in the supply of electricity, avoiding the country becoming susceptible to climate adversities, bringing reliabilitysecurity in the supply of electricity, avoiding the country becoming susceptible to climate adversities, bringing reliability to the to the Brazilian electricity matrix," he says. However, for Martins, none of these arguments can justify the optioBrazilian electricity matrix," he says. However, for Martins, none of these arguments can justify the option to resume the n to resume the construction of new plants. "I am in favor of investing in research in this area, to keep the country up to date with global construction of new plants. "I am in favor of investing in research in this area, to keep the country up to date with global science. But science. But strategically, this option makes no sense in Brazil due to the still underutilized energy potential instrategically, this option makes no sense in Brazil due to the still underutilized energy potential in other more interesting sources for other more interesting sources for us," he says. "It's not a matter of being for or against nuclear energy."us," he says. "It's not a matter of being for or against nuclear energy."
English to Portuguese: Diabetus Melitus Lesson General field: Medical
Source text - English Lesson: Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin replacement therapy.
On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's cells become less responsive to insulin. As a result, the reduced ability of insulin to facilitate glucose uptake leads to elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary choices. It is a progressive condition that may initially be managed with lifestyle modifications and oral medications, but some individuals may eventually require insulin therapy.
Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to a range of complications affecting various organs and systems in the body. These complications include cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage or neuropathy, retinopathy, and impaired wound healing. It is important to manage blood glucose levels through medication, dietary changes, regular physical activity, and regular monitoring to prevent or delay the onset of complications.
Diabetes treatment aims to maintain blood glucose levels within the prescribed range. Lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, monitoring blood glucose levels, and exercise help effective diabetes management. Additionally, oral medications to improve insulin sensitivity or stimulate insulin production and insulin injections or pumps for individuals with type 1 or advanced type 2 diabetes are prescribed.
Translation - Portuguese Lição: Diabetes Mellitus
O diabetes mellitus é um distúrbio metabólico crônico caracterizado por níveis elevados de glicose no sangue devido à produção inadequada de insulina, resistência à insulina ou ambos. A condição afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo e pode afetar significativamente a sua saúde e qualidade de vida.
O diabetes tipo 1 é uma doença autoimune na qual o sistema imunológico ataca e destrói erroneamente as células beta produtoras de insulina no pâncreas. Como resultado, o corpo é incapaz de produzir insulina suficiente e os indivíduos com diabetes tipo 1 necessitam de terapia de reposição de insulina por toda a vida.
Por outro lado, o diabetes tipo 2 é causado principalmente pela resistência à insulina, uma condição na qual as células do corpo tornam-se menos responsivas à insulina. Como resultado, a capacidade reduzida da insulina de facilitar a captação de glicose leva a níveis elevados de glicose no sangue. O diabetes tipo 2 está frequentemente associado a fatores de estilo de vida, como obesidade, inatividade física e escolhas alimentares inadequadas. É uma condição progressiva que pode inicialmente ser tratada com modificações no estilo de vida e medicamentos orais, mas alguns indivíduos podem eventualmente necessitar de terapia com insulina.
O diabetes não controlado pode levar a uma série de complicações que afetam vários órgãos e sistemas do corpo. Essas complicações incluem doenças cardiovasculares, doenças renais, danos nos nervos ou neuropatia, retinopatia e dificuldade na cicatrização de feridas. É importante controlar os níveis de glicose no sangue através de medicamentos, mudanças na dieta, atividade física regular e monitoramento regular para prevenir ou retardar o aparecimento de complicações.
O tratamento do diabetes visa manter os níveis de glicose no sangue dentro da faixa prescrita. Modificações no estilo de vida, como dieta saudável, monitoramento dos níveis de glicose no sangue e exercícios, ajudam no controle eficaz do diabetes. Além disso, são prescritos medicamentos orais para melhorar a sensibilidade à insulina ou estimular a produção de insulina e injeções ou bombas de insulina para indivíduos com diabetes tipo 1 ou tipo 2 avançado.
English to Portuguese: The Dirac-Fermi Function - Video subtitle General field: Science Detailed field: Physics
Source text - English WEBVTT
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:04.290
The Fermi-Dirac function,
represented by a sigmoid curve,
00:00:04.290 --> 00:00:07.050
indicates the probability
of an energy state
00:00:07.050 --> 00:00:10.980
being occupied by an electron
at a given temperature.
00:00:10.980 --> 00:00:14.700
The Fermi level represents the
energy state with a 50 percent
00:00:14.700 --> 00:00:17.870
occupancy probability and
lies between the valence
00:00:17.870 --> 00:00:19.970
and conduction bands.
00:00:19.970 --> 00:00:23.740
At absolute zero, energy
states up to the Fermi level
00:00:23.740 --> 00:00:26.630
are filled, while
those above are empty.
00:00:26.630 --> 00:00:30.270
At higher temperatures,
states above the Fermi level
00:00:30.270 --> 00:00:31.910
may be filled.
00:00:31.910 --> 00:00:35.040
In intrinsic semiconductors,
equal concentrations
00:00:35.040 --> 00:00:38.710
of holes and electrons imply
that the Fermi level lies
00:00:38.710 --> 00:00:40.870
in the middle of the band gap.
00:00:40.870 --> 00:00:44.810
In n-type semiconductors, a
higher electron concentration
00:00:44.810 --> 00:00:48.800
shifts the Fermi level close
to the conduction band.
00:00:48.800 --> 00:00:51.640
In p-type semiconductors,
the Fermi level
00:00:51.640 --> 00:00:56.330
lies near the valence band, due
to a higher hole concentration.
00:00:56.330 --> 00:00:58.890
As temperature
increases, more electrons
00:00:58.890 --> 00:01:01.660
transition from the valence
to the conduction band,
00:01:01.660 --> 00:01:05.530
moving the Fermi level closer
to the conduction band.
00:01:05.530 --> 00:01:08.410
When materials with different
Fermi levels connect,
00:01:08.410 --> 00:01:12.150
electrons flow from the higher
Fermi level to the lower one
00:01:12.150 --> 00:01:14.610
to align the Fermi
levels at the junction
00:01:14.610 --> 00:01:17.500
to establish equilibrium.
00:01:17.500 --> 00:01:18.000
Translation - Portuguese WEBVTT
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:04.290
A função Fermi-Dirac,
representada por
00:00:04.290 --> 00:00:07.050
uma curva sigmoide, indica a
probabilidade de um estado
00:00:07.050 --> 00:00:10.980
de energia ser ocupado por um
elétron a uma dada temperatura.
00:00:10.980 --> 00:00:14.700
O nível de Fermi representa o
estado de energia
00:00:14.700 --> 00:00:17.870
com uma probabilidade de
ocupação de 50 por cento
00:00:17.870 --> 00:00:19.970
e fica entre as bandas de
valência e condução.
00:00:19.970 --> 00:00:23.740
No zero absoluto, os estados
de energia até o nível de
00:00:23.740 --> 00:00:26.630
Fermi são preenchidos, enquanto
os acima estão vazios.
00:00:26.630 --> 00:00:30.270
Em temperaturas mais altas,
os estados acima do nível
00:00:30.270 --> 00:00:31.910
de Fermi podem ser
preenchidos.
00:00:31.910 --> 00:00:35.040
Em semicondutores intrínsecos,
concentrações iguais de
00:00:35.040 --> 00:00:38.710
buracos e elétrons implicam
que o nível de Fermi
00:00:38.710 --> 00:00:40.870
está no meio da lacuna de
banda.
00:00:40.870 --> 00:00:44.810
Em semicondutores do tipo n,
uma concentração maior de
00:00:44.810 --> 00:00:48.800
elétrons desloca o nível de Fermi
para perto da banda de condução.
00:00:48.800 --> 00:00:51.640
Em semicondutores do tipo p,
o nível de Fermi fica próximo
00:00:51.640 --> 00:00:56.330
da banda de valência, devido a
uma maior concentração de buracos.
00:00:56.330 --> 00:00:58.890
À medida que a temperatura
aumenta, mais elétrons
00:00:58.890 --> 00:01:01.660
transitam da banda de valência
para a banda de condução,
00:01:01.660 --> 00:01:05.530
movendo o nível de Fermi para
mais perto da banda de condução.
00:01:05.530 --> 00:01:08.410
Quando materiais com diferentes
níveis de Fermi se conectam,
00:01:08.410 --> 00:01:12.150
os elétrons fluem do nível de
Fermi mais alto para
00:01:12.150 --> 00:01:14.610
o mais baixo para alinhar os
níveis de Fermi na junção
00:01:14.610 --> 00:01:17.500
e estabelecer o equilíbrio.
00:01:17.500 --> 00:01:18.000
English to Portuguese: Website Translation Sample - Haglöf Sweden General field: Tech/Engineering
Source text - English Vertex 5
Vertex 5 communicates with the transponder T3 using ultrasound as distance measurement technology. The instrument is capable of measurements up to 30 meters or 100 feet with a resolution of 0,01 m/ 0,1 feet. The given measurements are precise, and the Vertex 5 is outstanding when working in very dense vegetation hidden by trunks, branches, and leaves, even if the transponder is not visible.
Vertex 5 has built-in temperatures sensors to ensure a distance accuracy of +-1% in temperatures between 20° to +45°C/4°F to 113°F.
The Vertex 5 features a high-quality 3D tilt sensor to calculate angles that can be set in Degrees 360˚, Grads 400˚or percent %. With the new tilt sensor, Vertex 5 will provide correct results, with a resolution of 0.1°, even if the instrument is tilted when measuring.
Developed and designed for field work the Vertex 5 is water resistant, meeting an environmental rating of IP 67. The instrument housing is covered with silicone protection, which is comfortable in the hand and provide a solid grip when measuring.
The instrument is powered by a single 1.5-volt AA alkaline battery and lasts for several weeks of field work.
Translation - Portuguese Vertex 5
O Vertex 5 se comunica com o transponder T3 usando ultrassom como tecnologia de medição de distância. O instrumento é capaz de medir até 30 metros ou 100 pés com uma resolução de 0,01 m/ 0,1 pés. As medições fornecidas são precisas e o Vertex 5 se destaca ao trabalhar em vegetação muito densa, escondida por troncos, galhos e folhas, mesmo que o transponder não esteja visível.
O Vertex 5 possui sensores de temperatura integrados para garantir uma precisão de distância de +-1% em temperaturas entre 20° a +45°C/4°F a 113°F.
O Vertex 5 possui um sensor de inclinação 3D de alta qualidade para calcular os ângulos que podem ser definidos em Graus 360˚, Grads 400˚ ou porcentagem %. Com o novo sensor de inclinação, o Vertex 5 fornecerá resultados corretos, com uma resolução de 0,1°, mesmo que o instrumento esteja inclinado durante a medição.
Desenvolvido e projetado para trabalho de campo, o Vertex 5 é resistente à água, atendendo à classificação ambiental IP 67. O invólucro do instrumento é coberto com proteção de silicone, que é confortável na mão e fornece uma aderência sólida durante a medição.
O instrumento é alimentado por uma única bateria alcalina AA de 1,5 volts e dura por várias semanas de trabalho em campo.
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Born and raised in Brazil, I have been fluent in English since the age of 5, making it almost like a native language for me. I studied Physics for four years at UFPR and obtained a technical degree in Civil Aviation from UTP. I hold a private pilot license and am currently working towards a commercial pilot license.
As an English teacher, I offer both online and in-person classes at CCAA English School, alongside my work in article writing, proofreading, and translation since 2019. Additionally, I am a music producer and DJ, with two tracks released on various music platforms.
My diverse background and deep understanding of English enable me to provide high-quality translation, writing, editing, and proofreading services, as well as subtitling.
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