This site uses cookies.
Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site,
while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used.
For more information, please see the ProZ.com privacy policy.
This person has a SecurePRO™ card. Because this person is not a ProZ.com Plus subscriber, to view his or her SecurePRO™ card you must be a ProZ.com Business member or Plus subscriber.
Affiliations
This person is not affiliated with any business or Blue Board record at ProZ.com.
English to Chinese: clinical endocrinology General field: Medical Detailed field: Livestock / Animal Husbandry
Source text - English Chapter 2: Hypothalamus-Pituitary System
2.1 Anterior lobe
2.1.1 Somatotropin (GH, pulses)
2.1.1.1 congenital growth hormone deficiency
Clinical manifestation: presented at the age of two to five months, poor growth and an abnormally soft and woolly hair coat. Alopecia and a thin and grayish-brown-pigmented skin. Growth retardation, pointed muzzle, resembling that of a fox. Remarkable delay in dentition. Unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism in common in males and the females often have frequent anovulatory estrous cycles. Initially lively and alert, and eventually become lethargic, lose appetite, and turn into thin, dull, almost hairless animals with a sad appearance by the age of two to three years and is commonly associated with severe secondary hypothyroidism and impaired renal function.
Creatinine may elevated, T4 and TSH are low, mean plasma IGF-I is low
Diagnosis: requires measurement of GH in plasma, employing a homologous radioimmunoassay and stimulation test. Diagnostic imaging(CT or MRI) at a young age often reveals small pituitary systs and may become larger as the animal grows, eventually becoming so large as to cause neurological symptoms.
Prognosis: treatment with thyroxine and either progestins or growth hormone usually leads to a relatively healthy life for many years, provided that complications such as pyoderma can be managed and acromegaly due to overtreatment is avoided.
2.1.1.2 Acquired growth hormone deficiency (hypophysectomy)
Clinical manifestation: do not regain their liveliness or their muscle mass and hair coat. Alopecia involves the trunk, the caudal surfaces of the thighs, the perineum, and the neck.
2.1.1.3 Growth hormone excess
2.1.1.3.1 excessive pituitary growth hormone
Clinical manifestations:
Dogs: soft tissue overgrowth including thickening of the skin, particularly of the head and neck, and enlargement of the tongue with respiratory stridor. Osseous changes caused widening of the interdental spaces, increasing stiffness, difficulty in standing up and neck rigidity, periarticular periosteal reaction, and severe spondylosis deformans, polyphagia, weight gain, excessive panting, and polyuria and polydipsia. The only remarkable finding in routine blood examination was mild anemia.
Cats: 6-15 years. Poorly controllable DM, polyphagia, weight gain, polyuria and polydipsia. Lameness, increasing size of the paws, and broader facial features. Heavy head, prognathia inferior, increased distance between upper and lower canine teeth, stiffness. Hypertrophy of the myocardium with increased collagen content. If the tumor is large, may impaired vision, mydriasis, and circling movements. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria without ketonuria, may be elevated levels of hepatic enzymes mild hyperproteinemia and hyperphosphatemia.
Diagnosis: plasma GH>7.2g/l and IGF-I >590g/l is usually diagnostic. Because of pulse, advisable to collect 3-5 samples for GH assay at 10-min-intervals.
Prognosis: short-term prognosis may be relatively good, as long as the insulin-resistant DM can be managed. Congestive heart failure or an expanding pituitary tumor usually result in death or euthanasia within 1-2 years.
2.1.1.3.2 Excessive mammary growth hormone
Clinical manifestations: canine acromegaly typically begins 3-5 weeks after estrus. Progestins used for estrus prevention can produce similar changes especially when given frequently and in relatively high doses
Prognosis: good following elimination of the progestin source. DM is thereby also sometimes reversible. Notable that do not delay treatment when diagnosis’s pending in case of permanent DM.
2.1.2 prolactin and pseudopregnancy in the dog (pulses)
Clinical manifestations: 4-8 weeks after estrus, exhibit behavior: nest building and caring for offspring. Reluctance to leave the home, aggression, digging, mothering of objects. Restlessness, loss of appetite, frequent licking of the abdomen. The mammary glands can develop and have secretion.
Prognosis: in most dogs the symptoms cease spontaneously after a couple of weeks.
GHRH-stimulation test
Indication: suspicion of decreased secretory capacity of somatotroph cells, due to 1) a pituitary lesion( congenital anomaly, tumor, surgery) or 2) progestin-induced GH secretion by the mammary gland.
Performance: 2-3 ml blood samples are collected at -15, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 45 min in ice-chilled EDTA-coated tubes, intravenous administration of 1g hGHRH/kg body weight.
Interpretation: in healthy anestrous dogs basal plasma GH between pulses was 1.3 ± 0.3g/l (mean ±SEM) and at 10-20 min after GHRH administration plasma GH ranged from 5-28g/l
In dogs with congenital GH deficiency there’s no significant increase in plasma GH concentration following GHRH. In dogs with GH excess of mammary origin, GHRH administration results in almost no increase in the more or less elevated GH levels. In dogs with hypercortisolism, including those erroneously thought to have acquired GH deficiency, the cortisol-induced increase in endogenous somatostatin tone inhibits the GH response to hGHRH
2.2 Posterior lobe
2.2.1 Diabetes insipidus (DI)
2.2.1.1 Central DI (CDI)
Clinical manifestations: polyuria, polydipsia and a nearcontinuous demand for water, and could be so enormous as to interfere with food intake and thus result in weight loss. Neurological symptoms and endocrine deficiencies. Both urine specific gravity (Usg) 375mOsm/kg)
Diagnosis: water deprivation test combined with vasopressin administration. Measuring plasma AVP during osmotic provocation by hypertonic saline infusion or water restriction. CT or MRI to determine if there are additional pituitary deficiencies, adenohypophyseal function caused by head trauma or tumor.
Prognosis: in the absence of tumor the long-term prospects are good. Untreated animals are always at risk of life-threatening dehydration for nor more a few hours. With tumors can have acceptable lives for many months, until the tumor begins to cause mass effects.
2.2.1.2 nephrogenic DI (NDI)
Diagnosis: serial measurements of Uosm reveal it to be low with only minor fluctuations. Desmopressin has little or no effect(may also occur in conditions causing severe vasopressin resistance). Urine osmolality is not increased by modified water deprivation test, nor by administration of VP. Plasma AVP measurements during test.
2.2.1.3 Primary polydipsia
Clinical manifestations: marked increase in water intake that cannot be explained as a compensatory mechanism for excessive fluid loss. No urinary concentration defect and may produce either highly diluted urine or concentrated urine. Marked fluctuations in Uosm.
Diagnosis: marked fluctuations in Uosm in serial urine samples collected at frequent intervals and some values >1000mOsm/kg. water deprivation test can be very helpful.
Prognosis: in most cases the excessive drinking persists, but an acceptable situation can be achieved.
2.2.1.4 vasopressin excess; syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)
Clinical manifestations: generalized cellular edema the hallmark of acute hypotonia. Cerebral edema causes weakness, lethargy, nausea, and may culminate in resting tremor, generalized seizures and coma. Can be polyuria.
Diagnosis: exclusion of other potential causes of hypotonicity. Posm 1000mOsm/kg. If Uosm does not exceed 1000mOsm/kg after desmopressin, CDI is unlikely and there is either primary polydipsia or NDI.
Modified water deprivation test
Indication: differentiation of CDI, NDI, and primary polydipsia.
Principle: in this indirect test of vasopressin secretory capacity, Posm is increased by water deprivation to stimulate vasopressin release. The effect of endogenous vasopressin is determined indirectly by measurements of Uosm.
Performance: following 12h of fasting, water is withheld and then Posm and Uosm are measured every 2h, or hourly if the polyuria is severe. When the loss of body weight, measured at each interval, approaches 5% of initial body weight, the test if stopped. When Posm ≥310mOsm/kg and there’s 650mOsm/kg (sg 1.020). in partial CDI the increase in Uosm is ≥15%. In NDI DDAVP causes little or no increase in Uosm. In part because of the indirect character of the test, the results are not always conclusive.
Vasopressin measurements during hypertonic saline infusion
Indication: suspicion of deficient vasopressin release or inappropriate vasopressin secretion.
Performance: the euhydrated and fasted animal is infused for 2h via the jugular vein with 20%NaCl solution at a rate of 0.03ml/kg/min. samples for plasma AVP and Posm are obtained at 20 min intervals. Because there’s the risk of inducing critical hypertonicity in a severely polyuric animal. Posm should be measured in the samples immediatlely and when it reaches 350mOsm/kg the hypertonic saline infusion should be stopped.
Interpretation: the slope of the regression line for Posm and Pavp is used as a measure of the sensitivity of the osmoregulatory system. The 90% range for sensitivity was 0.24-2.47pmol/ml per mOsm/kg. the 90% range for the threshold of the system was 276-309mOsm/kg
English to Chinese: task instruction General field: Other Detailed field: General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
Source text - English Hi Team,
We have received the first test batch for the MT Evaluation project you have been recruited for.
Please find below the details of the projects.
Task
As you already did in the recruitment stage, you will have to evaluate a set of machine translated sentences, providing a success score per each translation.
We expect you to evaluate 2 sentences per minute.
Volume: 50,000 sentences to be rated being added to the platform every day
Total translators taking part in the project: 90+
Rate more to earn more!
The more phrases you evaluate the more you will be paid per phrase.
We will check the total number of phrases each rater has evaluated every week. We will update your POs as follows:
Number of phrases evaluated per day
Rate per phrase
Up to 300
Rate you suggested during recruitment
300-400
0.04€
401-599
0.05€
600 +
0.06€
IMPORTANT: Remember that Google are checking the quality of our ratings. If your evaluations are innacurate, your account will be blacklisted from the rater platform and you will not be able to continue with the project. Please make sure you rate each phrase carefully.
Payment
Payment will be made according to the actual number of sentences you have rated.
You will be paid from the 5th to the 10th of the month following delivery.
You have received an empty PO with no sentences and price for the moment.
We will update the PO with the actual number of sentence you have rated upon delivery of the project.
Rating Guidance
Please find below a quick guide on how to use the tool to rate the MT translation provided.
There are 5 rating buckets for each task, ordering from best to worst. In this task, you will be
given two sentences written in different languages. Your job is to judge whether one sentence is
a good translation of the other sentence and vice versa. Please note that there is no notion of
one of the sentences as the "source/input" and the other as the "translation/output".
Please judge them together as translations of one another. If one or both sentences are not in the correct language then select " Wrong language ". :
Perfect
90-100% of the words in the sentence are correctly translated in the other sentence. Almost all information in the sentence is conveyed in the other.
Nearly Perfect
90-99% of the words in each sentence are correctly translated in the other
sentence. Almost all information in each sentences is conveyed by the other.
Most
70-90% of the words in each sentence are correctly translated in the other
sentence. Most information in each sentences is conveyed by the other, but
some is not.
Some
30-70% of the words in each sentence are correctly translated in the other
sentence. A substantial amount of information in either sentence is lost or
misinterpreted in the other.
Bad
0-30% of the words in each sentence are correctly translated in the other
sentence. The two sentences are nearly or completely unrelated to one
another.
Wrong language
One or both sentences are in the wrong language.
Please make sure to use this option only if the sentence is written in a language different than Chinese Simplified (whether Traditional Chinese or other)
Additional instructions
● Both traditional and simplified Chinese are okay in this project. So no need to mark traditional chinese as wrong language.
● Also we are not particular about term translation style in this project. If the term/acronym is left in English or not should not be critical to determine if it's good or bad. E.g. People's names, organization names.
● Syntactic consistency is not that critical. So long as both the sentences read fluent and accurate, that's good. For example, English uses passive voice a lot while it's not so common in Chinese to use passive voice.
Examples
Example 1:
English:
"It will spread through close contact, irrespective of species. There is one big question mark:
Will the virus disappear from wild birds after a period of six months, or will it still be present after
a period of six years?" added McCracken.
Chinese:
无论什么物种，其传播途径都是通过近距离接触。最大的疑问是：此种病毒是在六个月后就会从野生鸟类
中消失呢，还是六年后仍然存在？”
Problem: missing info in the translation (highlighted in red). It should be Nearly Perfect because:
Almost all information in the sentences is conveyed. i.e. Above 90% information in the
sentences is conveyed in each other and they read naturally.
Example 2:
English:
"We are already in a high state of readiness and I have every confidence that officials north and
south of the border will work together to manage this incident successfully," said the United
Kingdom's Chief Veterinary Officer, Debby Reynolds. "
Chinese:
我们已经处于高度戒备状态，我坚信全国的官员能同心协力，成功处理这一事件。”
Problem: missing info in the translation (highlighted in red). It should be Some because: Some
information in the sentences is conveyed, but some is not. I.e. 30~70% information in the
sentences is conveyed in each other.
Example 3:
English:
"There is no doubt we are getting closer to the day when moving birds indoors will be
necessary," said former President of the British Veterinary Association, Bob McCracken.
Chinese:
但是毫无疑问，我们更加逼近必须将家禽关在室内的那一天了。
Problem: missing info in the translation. It should be Some because: Some information in the
sentences is conveyed, but some is not. I.e. 30~70% information in the sentences is conveyed
in each other.
Example 4:
English:
Samples from the swan were sent to the European Union Bird Flu Laboratory at Weybridge.
Chinese:
从 死 天鹅 体内 抽取的样本已送往威布里治 (Weybridge) 的欧盟禽流感实验室 (European Union
Bird Flu Laboratory)。
Problem: Additional subtle info was added in the translation, perhaps derived from context in
which the source sentence was extracted from. It should be Nearly Perfect because: Almost all
information in the sentences is conveyed. i.e. Above 90% information in the sentences is
conveyed in each other and they read naturally.
Example 5:
English:
Samples from the swan were sent to the European Union Bird Flu Laboratory at Weybridge.
Chinese:
样本从天鹅已送往威 布里治 (Weybridge) 的欧盟禽流感实验室 (European Union Bird Flu
Laboratory)。
Problem: Unnatural sentence in Chinese. It should be Bad because: The two sentences are
generally not translations of each other. I.e. 0 ~ 30% information in the sentences is conveyed in
each other.
How to Perform the Task
To do so, you will now have a tool, so please proceed as follows:
1. Log in to the Evaluation Platform at https://www.raterhub.com/evaluation/rater with your Gmail account
IMP: Please note that you will need a VPN to use the tool in China. If you need more information on how to do so, please contact your PM.
2. You will be able to start rating the task assigned to you by clicking on the button as per screenshot below:
3. You will then find the first sentence to evaluate as in the screenshot below:
IMP: A small timer is available on the bottom right corner of the page. To activate it, please click on the Setting icon on the upper right corner
Then, under the Rating Task Settings you can select “Task timer on”
The timer will help you keep track of the time spent on each sentence. We estimated you should be able to rate 2 sentences per minute.
4. You can now read the sentences, assess the MT quality and decide which percentage; then, you can click on Submit to move to the next sentence.
The next tasks will continue to come as long as you click the “Submit” button and as long as there are more tasks available to you. Please note that there will be more or less 90 resources working on the task with you.
IMP: Please note that you will not be able to change the rating once it is submitted, so please select it carefully.
5. If you wish to go back to the homepage disregarding the sentence on screen, you can click on Cancel:
6. If you wish to rate one more pair of sentences and then close the page, instead of clicking on Submit, you can click on Submit and Stop Rating
7. Once you go back to the tool, you will be able to continue by clicking on the relevant button:
8. You can have an overview of how many sentences you rated by clicking on the recent task link on the upper right corner of the screen:
If you see “No tasks are currently available. Please try again later.”, it means that there are no more available tasks for the project (project ends).
Please make sure to contact your PM if you have any question or doubt, do not use the platform!
例子1：
英文：
"It will spread through close contact, irrespective of species.There is one big question mark:
Will the virus disappear from wild birds after a period of six months, or will it still be present after
a period of six years?" added McCracken.
中文：
无论什么物种，其传播途径都是通过近距离接触。最大的疑问是：此种病毒是在六个月后就会从野生鸟类
中消失呢，还是六年后仍然存在？”
解释：在翻译中有信息缺失（红色高亮突出）。这个句子应该被评估为'几乎完美匹配'因为：
几乎所有的信息都被传递到另一个句子中。i.e. 句子中百分之90以上的信息
被传递到另一个句子中并且他们都可以自然阅读。
例子2：
英文：
"We are already in a high state of readiness and I have every confidence that officials north and
south of the border will work together to manage this incident successfully," said the United
Kingdom's Chief Veterinary Officer, Debby Reynolds. "
中文：
我们已经处于高度戒备状态，我坚信全国的官员能同心协力，成功处理这一事件。”
解释：在翻译中有信息缺失（红色高亮突出）。这个句子应该是被评估为'部分匹配'因为：部分
信息被传递到另一个句子中，但是有一些并没有。I.e.句子中百分之30到70的信息
被传递到另一个句子中
例子3：
英文：
"There is no doubt we are getting closer to the day when moving birds indoors will be
necessary," said former President of the British Veterinary Association, Bob McCracken.
中文：
但是毫无疑问，我们更加逼近必须将家禽关在室内的那一天了。
解释：在翻译中有信息缺失。这个句子应该是被评估为'部分匹配'因为：句子中的部分信息
被传递到另一个句子中，但是有一些并没有。I.e.句子中百分之30到70的信息被传递
到另一个句子中
例子4：
英文：
Samples from the swan were sent to the European Union Bird Flu Laboratory at Weybridge.
中文：
从 死 天鹅 体内 抽取的样本已送往威布里治 (Weybridge) 的欧盟禽流感实验室 (European Union
Bird Flu Laboratory)。
解释：一些额外的信息被添加到翻译中，有可能从原文出处
的文章中获取的。这个句子应该被评估为'几乎完美匹配'因为：几乎所有的
信息都被传递到另一个句子中。i.e. 句子中百分之90以上的信息
被传递到另一个句子中并且他们都可以自然阅读。
例子5：
英文：
Samples from the swan were sent to the European Union Bird Flu Laboratory at Weybridge.
中文：
样本从天鹅已送往威 布里治 (Weybridge) 的欧盟禽流感实验室 (European Union Bird Flu
Laboratory)。
解释：不自然的中文句子。这个句子应该是被评估为'较差匹配'因为：两个句子
总体而言不是互相的翻译版本。I.e.句子中百分之0到30的信息被传递
到另一个句子中
如何操作任务
Expertise