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Services
Translation
Expertise
Specializes in:
Medical (general)
Medical: Pharmaceuticals
Medical: Instruments
Medical: Health Care
Medical: Dentistry
Medical: Cardiology
Materials (Plastics, Ceramics, etc.)
Marketing
Science (general)
Manufacturing
Also works in:
Architecture
Anthropology
Agriculture
Aerospace / Aviation / Space
Advertising / Public Relations
Accounting
Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Finance (general)
Automotive / Cars & Trucks
Automation & Robotics
Astronomy & Space
Environment & Ecology
Nuclear Eng/Sci
Mechanics / Mech Engineering
Engineering: Industrial
Electronics / Elect Eng
Construction / Civil Engineering
Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
Engineering (general)
Energy / Power Generation
Economics
Law: Contract(s)
Computers: Systems, Networks
Computers: Software
Computers: Hardware
Computers (general)
Genetics
Telecom(munications)
Law: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright
Law (general)
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Portfolio
Sample translations submitted: 7
Japanese to English: Medicine General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Pharmaceuticals
Source text - Japanese 広範囲に及ぶ感染症は生命を脅かしたり、手足の障害をもたらしたりする可能性があるため、積極的な治療を必要とする。全身性感染症の臨床的徴候を認めた場合には血液を培養し、全身を対象とした適切な抗菌治療を迅速に行う必要がある。抗生剤は経口投与または非経口投与であるが、局所投与することもある。その多くは細菌機能や成長過程を標的とすることで細菌数を減少させる。特定の菌株や菌種のみに作用する抗生物質を用いるため、抗生剤の作用域は比較的狭い。しかし、次のような使用上の問題もある。全身投与用の抗生剤は患者全体を治療するものであり、創傷部のみを対象としていない。そのため、正常細菌叢に影響を及ぼし、クロストリジウム・ディフィシレ(C. ディフィシレ)感染などの全身合併症や副作用を引き起こすことが多い。感染部位に到達するには十分な血液供給を必要とするため、創部の壊死組織量が多い場合や、患者が動脈疾患を呈している場合には効果的でないことがある。
抗生剤への耐性は深刻な問題である。抗生剤の広範かつ無計画な使用は薬剤耐性菌発生の主要因であり、多くの全身感染症に対する治療選択肢を減らしてきた。新しい抗菌治療の選択肢が緊急に必要とされているが、新しい抗生剤の開発は行われていない。これは新興国と先進国の両方で一触即発の状況を生む。局所投与用の抗生剤は遅延型過敏反応を引き起こすことが多い。全身投与用の抗生剤は、バイオフィルムのコロニーに対する効果が限定的である。
Translation - English The presence of spreading infection is potentially life and/or limb threatening and so requires aggressive treatment. Individuals demonstrating clinical signs of systemic infection should have blood cultures taken and appropriate systemic antibiotic therapy should be implemented immediately.Antibiotics are administered orally, parenterally and in some cases, topically. Most reduce bacterial numbers by targeting bacterial functions or growth processes. They have a relatively narrow band of effectiveness, with particular antibiotics being needed to treat specific species or strains of bacteria. However, there are problems with their use. Systemic antibiotics treat the whole patient, not just the wound. Therefore, they can affect normal flora, leading to unpleasant side effects and systemic complications such as Clostridium difficile (C.difficile) infections. They require an adequate blood supply to reach the point of infection and so may be ineffective in treating wounds with high amounts of debris or in patients with underlying arterial disease.
Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem . Widespread, indiscriminate use of antibiotics is a major factor in the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria which has reduced the treatment options for many systemic infections. New antibiotic options are urgently needed, but no new antibiotic preparations are in development; this is a potential time-bomb for both emerging nations and the developed world. Topical antibiotics can provoke delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Systemic antibiotics have limited effect on biofilm colonies.
Japanese to English: Medical General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Instruments
Source text - Japanese iスキャンの全般的な精度は、顕著な絨毛萎縮パターンの検出で100%であった一方、部分的な絨毛萎縮または正常な絨毛パターンでは90%であった。
Translation - English For i-scan, an overall accuracy of 100% was demonstrated for the detection of marked villous atrophy patterns, whereas the accuracy was 90% for determination of partial villous atrophy or normal villous patterns.
White-light endoscopy revealed pale yellow, shaggy mucosa with intermittent, superficial, erythematous eroded patches of the duodenum, whereas i-scan additionally revealed edematous and engorged duodenal villi filled with a white material representing lymph.
Moreover, concentric rings of the mucosa were visible, which have been identified to be specific for Whipple’s disease in previous studies using optical magni- fication endoscopy with 115-fold magnification.
Another recent multicenter study including eight expert endoscopists assessed interobserver agreement in the visualization of the surfaces and margins of colorectal polyps and in distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic polyps by using i-scan.
A total of 400 images were stored for analysis. Distinction between neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissue was based on Kudo’s pit pattern classification, considering patterns I and II as non-neoplastic lesions and patterns III, IV and V as neoplastic lesions (III and IV as adenomatous and V as carcinomas).
Overall, there was a kappa agreement of 0.370 (P < 0.001) and 0.306 (P < 0.001) regarding pit pattern and margins, respectively. The kappa agreement for the differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions was 0.446 (P < 0.001).
Accordingly, a good interobserver agreement was observed for the evaluation of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions and a less good agreement for the evaluation of pit pattern and margins. The authors concluded that adequate training is required in order to interpret images acquired with the i-scan technique.
Japanese to English: Engineering General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Electronics / Elect Eng
Translation - English What is the input resistance of a voltmeter?
Figure 1 shows a simplified block diagram when measuring a source voltage (Vdut) using a voltmeter. This is a typical connection when measuring the voltage of the Vdut where the voltmeter is considered as an ideal voltmeter, hence the input resistance of the voltmeter is infinite and the current flowing from the Vdut to the voltmeter is zero amperes. In this ideal case, the voltage reading measured by the voltmeter is the same as the Vdut.
But, in reality, actual input resistance of any voltmeter is not infinite as the ideal voltmeter, and there exists an input resistance (Rinput) in parallel to the ideal voltmeter as shown in Figure 2. As results, the current flowing from the voltage source is not a zero amperes.
An input resistance of a typical digital multi-meter is 10 MΩ, but there also existes a high-performance digital multi-meter which input resistance is more than 10 MΩ. Although an input current, determined by the Vdut/Rinput, is flowing into the voltmeter in these actual measurement conditions, the input current does not affect to the voltage measurement results in the case shown in Figure 2. However, it should be noted that there is a possibility that finite input resistance cause errors in the voltage measurement results in some cases. The next chapter will look at the cases.
Voltage measurement error and its countermeasure
Voltage measurement error which is caused by the finite input resistance of a voltmeter
In a case where a series resistance between the voltage source and the voltmeter cannot be ignored, the voltage drop generated by this resistance and the input current flowing into the voltmeter is the source of the measurement error. Figure 3 shows an example where series resistors exist in the connection cables between the voltage source and the voltmeter, where the series resistors include a resistance of the connection cables, a contact resistance of the connector between the cable connections, and etc.
The current I flowing to the series resistance (Rpath) generates a voltage drop (Verr), and this appears as the difference between the voltage source under test and the measurement error of the voltmeter reading. However, the series resistance value such like as existing between the connection paths is typically from a few mΩ to a few Ω, and this resistance can be considered as negligibly small compared to the input resistance of typically used voltmeters. In this case, since the voltage error is expressed as the ratio of the Rpath and the Rinput (the ratio is about in the range of 10-8 to 10-6), the voltage error caused by the Verror in the connection path can be negligble in most of the applications. So far, the output resistance of the voltage source is assumed as 0 Ω, but there would be a case that the volage source in under test has an output resistance (Rout) as shown in Figure 4.
In the electrical circuit, there are not so many cases where the Rout is large enough to show obvious error in the voltmeter readings, but in such a case where a current source or equivalent is used as the voltage source, the Rout easily exceeds, for example, the value of Rout in the case of performing the voltage measurement using a glass electrode in an electrochemical measurement can reach several 100MΩ.
If the Rout is negligibly small compared to the Rinput, the Vmeas shows almost the same value as the Vdut. However, if the Rout is large enough which cannot be ignored compared to the Rinput, it is a cause of the voltage measurement error. For example, performing a measurement within a 1% error using a voltmeter with a 10 MΩ Rinput resistance, the maximum Rout in the voltage source is limitted to 100 kΩ maximum.
As this example shows, for measuring a high output R voltage source, it is important to use a voltmeter with the highest input resistance as possible, since the input resistance of the voltmeter is the cause of the measurement error. As described above, generally the input resistance of the digital multi-meter is in the range such as 10MΩ - 10GΩ, the input resistance of the electrometer exceeds 100TΩ.
Japanese to English: Engineering General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Automotive / Cars & Trucks
Translation - English Counting Motors as a Barometer of Luxury Cars
The motors used in automobiles are in high demand, and have an abundance of models. Common types include DC motors, brushless motors, stepping motors and vibration motors. They can be found almost anywhere from wipers and power steering to power windows, auto locks and adjustable seats.
The average number of motors used in a single luxury car can exceed 100 units. Considering the trend of pursuing both environmental friendliness and user convenience, electric vehicles and hybrid cars are set to increase the demand for motors.
In addition to cars, an overall increase in environmental awareness and related laws and regulations is encouraging a strong trend towards high performance-low energy motors in manufacturing and home appliances. These conditions have also led to gradual advancement in the capabilities of ferrite magnets. For example, sintered magnets, which are ferrite magnets that have been smelted with small amounts of lanthanum and cobalt, were developed for use in motors that demand torque like the motors of refrigerators and power tools. They have helped improve B-Hmax and Curie temperature.
According to technical material from TDK, these are sold as the wet FB9 Series and the dry FB5D series.
Japanese to English: Biotech General field: Medical Detailed field: Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Source text - Japanese miR-206はもともと筋分化に特異的なmiRNAであることがわかり、さらに最近では骨芽細胞でも発現し、その発現量が骨芽細胞分化とともに減少するということが確認された。miR-206の過剰発現は骨芽細胞分化を抑制し、miR-206のノックアウトは骨芽細胞分化を促進させたのである。そしてこのメカニズムをさらに研究することによって、ギャップ結合タンパク質コネキシン43が骨芽細胞内miR-206の標的遺伝子であることが明らかとなった。また、miR-206発現中のトランスジェニックマウスは、異常な骨芽細胞分化と低骨量の表現型を呈していた。これらのデータは、miR-206が骨形成上の重要な負の調節因子であり、miR-206の調節が骨芽細胞の運命を左右することを示している。
Translation - English miR-206 was originally found to be a muscle differentiationspecific miRNA. It was recently discovered that miR-206 was also expressed in osteoblasts, and miR-206 expression decreased with osteoblast differentiation. Overexpression of miR-206 inhibited osteoblast differentiation, and the knockout of miR-206 promoted osteoblast differentiation. Further mechanism studies revealed that the gap junction protein connexin 43 was the target gene of miR-206 in osteoblasts . Transgenic mice expressing miR-206 showed abnormal osteoblast differentiation with a phenotype of low bone mass. These data confirmed that miR-206 was a key negative regulator of osteogenesis, and the regulation of miR-206 determined the fate of osteoblasts.
Runx2 and Smads1/5 are necessary for osteogenic differentiation. miR-133 and miR-135 are down-regulated in the BMP-2-induced pluripotent mesenchymal cell line C2C12. Further, miR-133 is a negative regulator of Runx2. miR-133 directly binds to the predicted binding sequence in the 30 UTR of Runx2 mRNA to inhibit the translation of Runx2 in C2C12 cells. Thus, miR-133 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 that had been induced by BMP-2. Meanwhile, miR-135 represses the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by targeting the Smad5 gene.
When a cell divides, the genetic material inside that cell needs to be copied. This process is called DNA replication. Watson and Olovnikov proposed that the limitation on cell division is rooted in the very nature of DNA replication. The enzymes that replicate a strand of DNA are unable to continue replicating all the way to the end, which causes the loss of some DNA.
As an analogy, think of a DNA strand as a long row of bricks, and of DNA replication as a bricklayer walking backwards on top of a brick wall laying a new layer on top of that now. When the end of the wall is reached, the bricklayer finds himself standing on top of the brick he is supposed to replicate. Since he can’t put down a brick where his feet are, he steps back and falls off the wall, leaving the very end of the wall bare. As a result, the new copy of the wall is a bit shorter than the original.
Japanese to English: AI General field: Other Detailed field: Automation & Robotics
Translation - English “AI-SAMURAI” Spotted at Asakusa Station - A Tourist Guide in Shining Armor
A mannequin dressed in samurai armor answers tourist’s questions! AI-SAMURAI debuts at Tobu Asakusa Station.
A mannequin dressed in samurai armor answers tourist’s questions! AI-SAMURAI debuts at Tobu Asakusa Station on July 25th. Questions spoken in English or Japanese will receive an answer voiced by the samurai. This experimental attraction, a joint project by Toppan Printing and Tobu Railway, is available until August 24th.
The armored mannequin features an internal speaker, and a display screen nearby. It analyzes the content of English and Japanese speech then replies in English and Japanese, as well as displaying related information on the screen.
The system provides guidance about the Asakusa Station building, attractions in the surrounding area, discount passes and even responds to simple conversation. Questions that cannot be handled by the AI system can be answered remotely by an operator in the company office.
AI-SAMURAI is a joint development featuring the “minarai” system made by Nextremer, an AI venture company. The friendly samurai design is intended to catch the attention of foreign tourists and reach out to clients.
Japanese to English: Manual General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Computers: Software
Source text - Japanese 正式社名ロゴタイプは、汎用社名ロゴタイプと同様に他のデザイン要素との調和を考慮し独自にデザインされたロゴタイプで、和文の横組・縦組および英文が用意されています。
Translation - English Logotypes of official company names, as well as all-purpose company name logotypes, are specifically designed to harmonize with other design elements. Horizontal and vertical layouts in Japanese and English version are available.
Logotypes of official company names should be re-produced through the use of digital data.
Isolation guidelines are set in consideration of the relationship to other design elements. This rule does not apply for display designs such as signs with limited space or cases that are specially designed according to an items’ individual characteristics.
Generally, display color should be Black (K100%), or solid printing (100%) when printed in single color display setting. Reversed display may also be permitted, depending on the background color.
Other substitute fonts may also be used in cases where the designated Japanese or English fonts cannot be obtained.
Adjust the size of selected official company name logotype (English) accordingly with the purpose of usage. Adjust the width and length of the arrow line to the best balance with the display size of corporate signature.
Utilize digital data re-producing the corporate signatures indicated here, and use color samples to ensure that the colors are as similar to the basic display colors as possible.
These combination patterns show the most basic display methods applied to various items. Use these combination patterns for reference when determining the right display positions according to an item’s purpose or available space.
Do not combine any other elements other than the brand logotype with the arrow mark.
Do not place other ostentatious elements nearby, even if outside the area of isolation.
When displayed in single color, do not use improper colors (yellow, light or fluorescent colors) or colors that are low in visibility.
Do not display on a background color that contrasts poorly with the basic display colors.
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Experience
Years of experience: 16. Registered at ProZ.com: Apr 2017.
For over 10 years, I have applied my background in molecular biology to focus on medical translation including academic research papers, clinical trial reports, case reports, investigator’s brochures, informed consent forms, and standard operating procedure documents. I also have many years of experience with pharmaceutical translation including interview guides, marketing materials, regulatory documents, and CMC (chemistry, manufacturing, and controls) requirements. The fact that my work directly impacts the lives of patients is always at the front of my mind, and each project is approached with the careful dedication that it deserves.
After graduating from the Faculty of Science at Hokkaido University, I attended Simul Academy's translator training school and began working as a freelancer in 2010. I have translated medical papers, mechanical and IT-related manuals, patent application documents, and marketing materials into English.
Since 2015, I have participated in local market research in Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia. I have prepared manuals and training materials for local engineers, interviewed local doctors, and prepared survey materials.
On July 10, 2017, I established Hirai Translation Inc.
How I Translate
I pick out important key words, as I read the entire text and grasp the general picture of the document.
I carefully look up related information to the important key words and examples of their use, and record these.
I then meticulously read the text to fully understand the document.
I start translating.
With a grasp on the content, I completely translate the document from the beginning, one sentence at a time (no machine translation involved).
After translating a sentence, I carefully check to make sure no nuances are lost between the source text and the translation.
Immediately after I translate a paragraph, I meticulously read the text, checking for any errors or typos, if the text sounds natural in context, etc.
After I translate the entire document, I check if meaning is conveyed, if anything sounds unnatural, etc.
I then check if the numbers and figures in the source match the translated text.
I submit the finished translation to the client.
Once I receive confirmation from the client, the translation is finished. If anything needs to be addressed, I will respond immediately.
Most of my projects are done using Trados, with a daily input capacity of up to 10,000 Japanese characters. Final drafts are checked by native English speaker translation partners to ensure the content will be clear and natural to other English speakers. I also offer DTP services to provide edited, translated files in an identical layout to the original. My experience also allows me to handle large volume projects with short deadlines.
Expertise