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Italian to German: La rivoluzione industriale e l'Ottocento - Die industrielle Revolution und das 18.Jahrhundert General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Textiles / Clothing / Fashion
Source text - Italian Lo sviluppo dell'abbigliamento era andato di pari passo con quello della tecnologia tessile, in particolare con lo sviluppo dei telai: nel 1790, nell'ambito della Rivoluzione industriale, Joseph-Marie Jacquard inventa l'omonimo telaio, che permette di aumentare sia la precisione sia la velocità di produzione dei tessuti.
L'evoluzione tecnologica si estende anche ai filatoi: tutto ciò attribuisce il primato nell'industria tessile ai paesi che per primi sono investiti dal fenomeno della rivoluzione industriale, tra tutti l'Inghilterra.
Il mercato del vestiario conosce una crescita continua: la produzione tessile si meccanicizza e razionalizza assumendo notevoli dimensioni, rendendo l'industria dell'abbigliamento la più sviluppata del periodo.
Tra le fine del Settecento e l'Ottocento l'industria tessile è in grado si soddisfare le richieste, oltre che delle classi più abbienti, anche della media e bassa borghesia.
Durante il XIX secolo cominciano ad apparire quelle tipologie di vestiti che sono utilizzate tutt'oggi: aderenti al corpo, con le maniche, leggeri o pesanti, con stoffe prevalentemente scure.
Il miglioramento delle condizioni igieniche, assieme a quelle economiche, permette ad una buona parte della popolazione europea e nord-americana di indossare la biancheria.
Il 1842 è un'altra data fondamentale: John J. Greenough brevetta la macchina per cucire, con la quale gli indumenti possono essere confezionati con grande velocità, ed il risparmio di denaro che ne deriva fa sì che la produzione può assumere dimensioni ancora più vaste.
L'industria dell'abbigliamento può adesso realizzare la produzione in serie dei vestiti, favorendo la creazione di centri industriali tessili e di grandi magazzini per la vendita dei loro prodotti.
Successivamente, sia nell'Ottocento che nel secolo successivo, il perfezionamento della macchina per cucire permetterà di meccanizzare anche altre operazioni (ricamo, soprafilo, rammendo, cucitura dei bottoni, ecc.).
Translation - German Die Entwicklung der Kleidung war im Einklang mit der textilen Technologie, insbesondere mit der Entwicklung der Webstühle gegangen: 1790 erfindet Joseph-Marie Jacquard im Rahmen der industriellen Revolution den gleichnamigen Webstuhl, der es ermöglicht, sowohl die Genauigkeit als auch die Geschwindigkeit der Stoffproduktion zu steigern.
Die technologische Entwicklung erstreckt sich auch auf Spinnmaschinen: all dies verzeichnet in der Textilindustrie den Ländern die Vorrangstellung die zuerst durch das Phänomen der industriellen Revolution investiert sind, unter allen England.
Der Kleidungsmarkt erlebt ein stetiges Wachstum: die Textilproduktion mechanisiert und rationalisiert sich und nimmt beträchtliche Dimensionen an, so dass sich die Industrie der Kleidung als die am entwickelsten der Zeit erweist.
Zwischen dem Ende des siebzehnten und achtzehnten Jahrhunderts ist die Textilindustrie in der Lage die Bedürfnisse, nicht nur der wohlhabenden Klassen, aber auch des mittleren und niedrigen Bürgertums zu befriedigen.
Während des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts beginnen die Arten von Kleidung zu erscheinen, die auch heutzutage noch verwendet werden: am Körper enganliegend, mit Ärmeln, leicht oder schwer, mit überwiegend dunklen Stoffen.
Die Verbesserung der hygienischen Bedingungen, zusammen mit der wirtschaftlichen, ermöglicht einem großen Teil der Bevölkerung in Europa und Nordamerika Unterwäsche zu tragen.
1842 ist ein weiteres grundlegendes Datum: John J. Greenough patentiert die Nähmaschine, mit der Kleidungsstücke mit großer Geschwindigkeit hergestellt werden können und das Geldsparen das daraus erfolgt, bewirkt dass die Produktion noch größere Dimensionen annehmen kann.
Die Bekleidungsindustrie kann nun die Massenproduktion von Kleidung realisieren um die Schaffung von Textilindustriezentren und Warenhäusern für den Verkauf ihrer Produkte zu begünstigen.
Sowohl im achtzehnten Jahrhundert, als auch im nachfolgenden Jahrhundert, ermöglicht die Verbesserung der Nähmaschine anschließend auch andere Anwendungen zu mechanisieren (Stickereien, Überwendlingstich, Ausbesserungen, Annähen von Knöpfen, etc.).
English to German: Automobil-Systeme / Bremsen-System General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Automotive / Cars & Trucks
Source text - English Brake bleeding is the procedure performed on hydraulic brake systems whereby the brake lines (the pipes and hoses containing the brake fluid) are purged of any air bubbles.
This is necessary because, while the brake fluid is an incompressible liquid, air bubbles are compressible gas and their presence in the brake system greatly reduces the hydraulic pressure that can be developed within the system.
The same methods used for bleeding are also used for purging, where the old fluid is replaced with new fluid, which is necessary maintenance.
The brake fluid capacity of a typical automobile is around 500 ml.
Brake fluid is toxic, and must be handled carefully and disposed of properly.
Most cars use DOT 3 or 4 brake fluids, which may be mixed, but DOT 5 is silicone-based and not compatible with DOT 3 or 4. Note that DOT 5.1 is a higher specification fluid compatible with DOT 3 and DOT 4, but not DOT 5. Most types of brake fluid harm automotive paint and plastics on contact, so special care must be taken when using this fluid: any spills must be immediately cleaned up.
Brake fluid is water-soluble so it may be rinsed off with water.
The process is performed by forcing clean, bubble-free brake fluid through the entire system, usually from the master cylinder(s) to the calipers of disc brakes (or the wheel cylinders of drum brakes), but in certain cases in the opposite direction.
A brake bleed screw is normally mounted at the highest point on each cylinder or caliper.
Translation - German Bremsen-Entlüftung ist das bei hydraulischen Brems-Systemen durchgeführte Verfahren bei dem die Bremsleitung (die Leitungen und Schläuche, die die Bremsflüssigkeit enthalten), von jeglichen Luftblasen gereinigt werden.
Das ist notwendig weil, während die Bremsflüssigkeit eine nicht komprimierbare Flüssigkeit ist, sind Luftblasen komprimierbares Gas, und ihre Anwesenheit im Bremsen-System reduziert bedeutend den hydraulischen Druck, der innerhalb des Systems entstehen kann.
Dieselben Methoden die zur Entlüftung benutzt werden, werden auch für das Reinigen verwendet bei der die alte Flüssigkeit durch neue Flüssigkeit ersetzt wird, was notwendige Wartung ist.
Die Bremsflüssigkeitskapazität eines typischen Automobils ist ca. 500 ml.
Bremsflüssigkeit ist toxisch, und muß vorsichtig behandelt und ordnungsgemaes entsorgt werden.
Die meisten Autos benutzen Bremsflüssigkeit DOT 3 oder 4, die gemischt werden können, aber DOT 5 ist auf Silkonbasis und mit DOT 3 oder 4 nicht kompatibel.
Nehmen Sie zur Kenntnis, dass DOT 5.1 eine höhere Spezifizierungsflüssigkeit ist die mit DOT 3 und 4 kompatibel ist, aber nicht mit DOT 5.
Die meisten Bremsflüssigkeitstypen schaden bei Kontakt der Automobil-Lackierung und Kunststoffen deshalb muss besondere Sorgfalt beachtet werden, wenn diese Flüssigkeit benutzt wird: Jegliches Verschuetten muss sofort gereinigt werden.
Bremsflüssigkeit ist wasserlöslich, so dass es mit Wasser abgespült werden kann.
Der Prozeß wird durchgefuehrt indem reine, luftblasenfreie Bremsflüssigkeit durch das gesamte System forciert (getrieben?) wird, normalerweise vom Meister-Zylinder zu den Tastzirkeln der Bremsscheiben (oder Rad-Zylinder von Trommel-Bremsen), aber in gewissen Fällen in entgegengesetzter Richtung.
Eine Bremsentlueftungsschraube wird normalerweise am höchsten Punkt auf jedem Zylinder oder Felgenbremse eingesetzt.
English to Italian: Lord of the Flies - Il Signore delle mosche / simbolismo General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - English The Lord of the Flies contains many examples of symbolism which Golding has incorporated to show a deeper level to the main, mostly straightforward, storyline that reveals his thoughts on the nature of humanity and evil.
Below are some of the main symbols used in the book, but there are plenty more for you to discover yourself.
Among such symbols may be included such small or natural seeming events like the coral reef, (Submarine warfare, surrounding of Britain by German U-boats?) or the "great fire", which may represent the first world war, ("We shall never commit to this savagery again").
Blood is another symbol Golding uses extensively, although what he uses it for is open to interpretation.
The different styles of leadership shown by Jack and Ralph symbolize democracy and dictatorship, much like as depicted in George Orwell's Animal Farm where he used pigs to symbolize the USSR's communist leaders.
The imaginary beast that frightens all the boys stands for the primal instinct of savagery that exists within all human beings.
The boys are afraid of the beast, but only Simon reaches the realization that they fear the beast because it exists within each of them. As the boys grow more savage, their belief in the beast grows stronger. By the end of the novel, the boys are leaving it sacrifices and treating it as a totemic god.
The boys’ behavior is what brings the beast into existence, so the more savagely the boys act, the more real the beast seems to become. The boys "become" the beast when they kill Simon.
Golding describes the savages' behavior as animal like; the savages dropped their spears (man's tool) and "screamed, struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws."
Translation - Italian Il Signore delle Mosche contiene molti esempi di simbolismo che Golding ha incorporato per mostrare un livello più profondo alla trama principale, quasi sempre diretta, che rivela i suoi pensieri sulla natura dell’umanità e del male.
Seguono alcuni dei simboli principali usati nel libro, ma ci sono molto altri da scoprire.
Fra tali simboli possono essere inclusi eventi apparenti che sembrano così piccoli o naturali come la barriera corallina, (guerra sottomarina, accerchiamento della Gran Bretagna da sottomarini Tedeschi) o il "grande fuoco" che può rappresentare la prima guerra mondiale ("Non ci impegneremo mai piu’ a questa selvaggeria” ).
Il sangue è un altro simbolo che Golding usa ampiamente, anche se per che cosa lo usa è aperto all’interpretazione.
Gli stili diversi di comando mostrati da Jack e Ralph simboleggiano democrazia e dittatura, come rappresentati nella Fattoria degli Animale di George Orwell dove vengono usati maiali per simboleggiare i leader comunisti dell'URSS.
La bestia immaginaria che spaventa tutti i ragazzi rappresenta l'istinto primitivo di selvaggeria che esiste in tutti gli esseri umani.
I ragazzi hanno paura della bestia, ma solamente Simon giunge alla realizzazione che loro temono la bestia perché esiste dentro di ognuno di loro. Mentre i ragazzi diventano più selvaggi, la loro credenza nella bestia diventa più forte. Verso la fine del romanzo, i ragazzi le lasciano sacrifici e la trattano come un dio totemico.
Il comportamento dei ragazzi è cio’ che porta all’ esistenza la bestia, in questo modo il più selvaggiamente i ragazzi agiscono, il più reale la bestia sembra diventare. I ragazzi "diventano" la bestia quando uccidono Simon.
Golding descrive il comportamento dei selvaggi come animalesco; i selvaggi lasciano cadere le loro lance (l'attrezzo dell’uomo) e gridarono, colpirono, mordere, strapparono" Non c'erano parole, e nessun movimenti solo il strappare di denti ed artigli."
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Master's degree - University of Bologna, Italy
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Years of experience: 24. Registered at ProZ.com: Mar 2017.
I am a native German / Italian speaker and I have an M.A. in Media and Cultural Studies from the University of Bologna. I work as a freelance translator and online language teacher with people from all over the world. My clients represent many diverse contexts, backgrounds and interests. I am generally active in international business scenarios and am therefore familiar with using a wide range of technical terms in specific fields whilst discussing complex subject matter.
I have had the opportunity of working in a wide variety of situations and gained professional experience in numerous freelance assignments since 2000. I originally began working as a freelance translator and tourist guide shortly after getting my Abitur (international baccalaureate) in Germany, working at the Expo 2000 in Hannover and then during my university years in Italy, translating and interpreting for students from various countries.
I am available for translation services between the following language combinations: German - English / English - German, German - Italian / Italian - German, English - Italian / Italian - English, Spanish - English, Spanish - German, Spanish - Italian.
Some of the services I offer include: translation, transcription, subtitling, proofreading and editing, reviewing C.V.s and application letters, multimedia and audiovisual services including multilingual subtitling, e-learning and training materials. I translate scientific papers, articles, studies and presentations, especially in the fields of educational theory and social science and among my areas of specialization you can also find: art, pedagogy, philosophy, fashion, wellness, gastronomy.
Some projects I have worked on include: lease agreements, purchase and sales agreements, terms & conditions, privacy policies, medical questionnaires, banking documents, retirement plans, claims forms and procedures, teacher training manuals, brochures, user manuals, newsletters, websites, essays and articles on education / psychology / philosophy.
I have many years experience teaching languages: my native languages are German and Italian, as well as English after having used this as my main working language for 10 years. I also speak Spanish fluently, and have a good knowledge of Portuguese, French and Latin. I have also worked as a foreign language kindergarten teacher, freelance writer and language tutor developing teaching material for bilingual children in multicultural contexts, as well as editing and translating multilingual children’s books.
When I lived in Spain I assisted German and British expats with various contracts and legal documents, e.g. real estate purchases and sales documents. I have also worked in the tourism and leisure industry and have translated travel guides, hotel and hostel websites, lifestyle blogs, etc. In Italy I worked in businesses including the world’s leading manufacturer of braking systems and supplier for rail and commercial vehicles and for a famous German manufacturer of luxury writing instruments and leather goods, where I gained a deeper knowledge of project management in international business as well as various production processes and manufacturing.
Rates: 0.04 - 0.08 € per word, depending on the subject and complexity of the text. I am very reliable and always deliver my work on time with accuracy and confidentiality. If you have any questions do not hesitate to contact me. Please feel free to send me your enquiry and the document to be translated and I will get back to you with a no obligation quotation.
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