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Source text - Spanish original Spanish unavailable
Translation - English MODIFICATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROGENESIS IN RABBITS, BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INTRODUCTION OF KRILL (Euphausia superba) IN THEIR DIET. (.)
Department of Pathology of the University School of Medicine. Montevideo, Uruguay. (..) Clinical Laboratory and Biochemical Departments of the University School of Medicine. Montevideo. Uruguay. (...) Uruguayan Antarctic Institute
Key words: Atherosclerosis, ê3 fatty acids, Lipoperoxidation, Antarctic Krill
All mail to: Dr. Walter Alall•n, University Medical School Hospital, 1st. Floor, Department of Clinical Laboratory. Avenida Italia s/n. Montevideo. Uruguay.
INTRODUCTION The antiatherogenic effect of fatty acids of the ê3 series suggests that this is the explanation for the low prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in some populations with well defined feeding habits ( 1-5 ). This is due to its anti-thrombotic (6), anti-hypertensive (7), hipolipidolytic (8), anti-inflamatory (9) action explained on the basis of changes in metabolism of lipoproteins and eicosanoids (10). Fatty acids of the ê3 series: octadec‘noic acid [ODA] C18:4/6,9,12,15; eicosapent‘noic acid [EPA] C20:5/5,8,11,14,17; decosahex‘noic acid [DEA] C22:6/4,7,10,13,16,19; modify the hepatic lipidic fluid increasing biliary excretion of cholesterol, inhibiting very low density lipoprotein synthesis [VLDL] and deviating synthesis of eicos‘noids towards 3 series (11,12). Normally, there is a predominance of the 2 series derived from fatty acids ê6, the precursor of which is arachidonic acid (13,14). Earlier studies have demonstrated that the Antarctic Krill [Euphausia superba] contains 1.47 g of fatty acids ê3 / 100 g of Krill (15), which makes it food that might contribute to modifying development and regression of atheromatous lesions. This work aims at evaluating the effect of Krill on development and regression of atheroma plates in vivo on the rabbit, which is the animal frequently used in experimental atherogenesis induced by hypercholesterolemic diet (16,17). This process is evaluated at hepatic level, taking into acaccount the ingesta of fatty acids of the ê 3 series [ppoliinsaturated fatty acids] which increase the possibility of lipoperoxidation (18,19) The hepatic level of this process is evaluated taking into account ingestion increase of fatty acids of the ê3 series [poli-insaturated fatty acids], which boosts lipoperoxidation (18,19)
MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used. Twenty-four albino New Zealand rabbits weighing 2,5ñ0,3 kg. were employed in the experiment. They were divided into 5 groups fed with different diets:
GROUP I: 5 animals were fed balanced food for rabbits [Villamil S.A.,/ Montevideo, Uruguay]
GROUP II: 5 animals were fed balanced cholesterol enriched diet 1% w/w.
GROUP III: 5 animals were fed balanced and Krill 10% diet enriched with cholesterol 1% w/w.
GROUP IV: 4 animals were fed balanced food, having previously received for 12 weeks cholesterol enriched balanced food 1% w/w.
GROUP V 5 animals were fed balanced food and Krill 10% w/w having previously received for 12 weeks cholesterol enriched balanced food 1% w/w._
All food was supplied in the form of pellets ad libitum and so was water. After having been fed on these diets for 12 weeks all the animals were killed. Chemical study of diets The following parameters were evaluated in the four types of diets [viz.: I) Balanced food II) Balanced, cholesterol 1% w/w enriched food III) Balance food and Krill 10% w/w IV) Balanced food and Krill at 10% w/w enriched with cholesterol at 1% w/w]| humidity, proteins, lipids, glucids, fibres, minerals, cholesterol, energy and content of saturated, monoinsaturated and polyinsaturat-ed fatty acids and ê3. Humidity percentage was calculated by double weighing up to constant post drying weight. Proteins were dosified by Kjeldahl's method (20). Lipids were extracted by Folch's chloroform/metanol v/v (21) and evaluated by weighing having previously evaporated the solvent. Fibre content was calculated through loss of weight by ignition of remant dried residue of acid digestion (22) and minerals by the calcination method. Glucids were considered to account for the difference per 100 g of food. Cholesterol was dosified by the enzymatic method of cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase (23) in the fatty extract. Evaluation of fatty acids, in particular those of the ê 3 series, was performed by gas chromatography having previously methylated the fatty extract by means of boro methanol trifluoride (Sigma) and employing as complementary standards ODA,EPA and DEA (Sigma) For the purpose of chromatographic separation an "Hitachi 263-50" gas chromatograph was used, in glass column 2m x 3 mm ID, packed with diethylene 2m X 3mm glycol succinate at 15% on Uniport (Gosukuro Kogyo), 60/80 mesh at a temperature of 180§C, with a flow of 45 ml./min of N2, in a flame ionization detector. (15). Evaluation was performed by area estimate using a "C-R S A" model "Shimadzu" computer-integrator module (chromatopac). Biochemical study Blood samples were taken from all animals through heart puncture and serum was separated by means of centrifugation and kept at -20§C until the study was completed. Dosage of total cholesterol [TC] was performed by the enzymatic method (23) triglycerides [TG] by solvent separation method (24) and cholesterol bound to the high density lipoproteine [HDL.C] by selective precipitation employing L•pez Virella's technique (25,26) and with the aid of Wiener Laboratory equipment. Cholesterol not bound to HDL [non HDL.C] was evaluated through difference: non HDL.C = TC - HDL.C (27) Histologic study Aortic and pulmonary arteries of rabbits were dissected after being fixed in formaline and stretched on plastic holders. They were then dyed in toto by and Oil Red O solution so as to permit direct observation of any positive fatty areas on the_ endothelial surface(28). The endothelial face of the arteries, together with a ruler for reference, were photographed with macro lenses and the image was projected onto graph paper; the contour of arteries, red stained areas and frankly elevated areas of endothelium [0.1 mm. or more] were then traced. The different areas were measured in order to express them as the percentage of total artery area. Three transversal cross-sections of the aorta [aortic arch area, middle and inferior sector] and one oblique cross-section of the pulmonary artery were taken and included in paraffin and subsequently cut into 6æ sections which were stained with Hemalum-Eosin, PAS-Alcian Blue with diastatic digestion, Orcein for elastic tissues and Wilder for elastic fibres ((28). Other transversal sections of the arteries, performed with freezing microtome, were stained with Oil Red O-Hemalum for the purpose of visualizing cells with fatty content. Measurements of the arterial intima, taken precisely from the start of the internal elastic limitans, were performed in transversal cross-sections of arteries stained with Hemalum Eosin using an eyepiece micrometer [3 measures per section]. In transversal cross-sections stained with Oil Red O, the average thickness occupied by nucleated cells with fatty contents was calculated.
Hepatic Toxicity
In order to evaluate hepatic toxicity, 3 parameters were employed:
a) Histologic study of Hemalum-Eosin dyed liver cross-sections with evaluation of hepatocytic necrosis, inflammatory infiltration and portal fibrogenesis; and of frozen slices of the same livers dyed with Oil Red O-Hemalum for analysis of intrahepatocytic lipids in a subjective scale: slight, moderate and abundant according to the proportion of positive cells in the liver lobules. Separately we assessed micro and large vacuolar isolated drop cell steatosis.
b) Dosage of malondialdehyde [MDA] was performed on the liver samples by means of thiobarbiturate acid (29) as an indicator of liperoxidation.
c) At plasmatic level, the enzymatic activity of piruvic glutamic transaminase [PGT] was determined by ultraviolet method using Wiener Laboratory equipment (30) Statistical methods Student"s Test was used throughout to calculate statistical significance for comparing non paired groups (31). Results of diets are expressed as X of quadruplicates performed in each case
RESULTS
Diets Composition of the various diets is shown in Table 1 where it is possible to detect a larger cholesterol content in diets II and IV which are cholesterol enriched and the presence of fatty acids of the ê 3 series in diets which contain Krill, diets III and IV; this not the case in diets without Krill, I and II. Plasmatic lipid studies Table 2 indicates the results of the plasmatic lipid studies; TC in-creases significantly [Pó 0.001] in groups II and III with respect to group I at the expense of non HDL.C. Arterial histologic studies Measurements of surface percentage occupied by Oil Red O stainable lesions and by elevated lesions in aortic (Figs 1A and 1B) and pulmonary arteries of test animals, can be found in Tables 3,4,5 and 6. Animals fed on balanced diet present minimal lesions, generally in the form of fatty stri‘. Table 3 shows no significant differences as to lesion extension between the animals that received cholesterol only and those who were simultaneously fed Krill. Nonetheless, at pulmonary level, plates are less developed in animals that received Krill. (Table 4). Examination of histologic cross-sections of pulmonary and aortic arteries, shows that cholesterol fed animals [groupII] present an intimal proliferation consisting fundamentally of nucleated lipophagic cells accompanied by scanty reticulin (Fig. 2). In animals receiving cholesterol plus Krill [group III], stainable lipid content is lower than in group II notwithstanding the fact that plates show no significant differences in thickness (Table 7) and furthermore, plate shows greater fibrogenesis with an alcianophilus mixoid matrix (Figs. 3
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Years of experience: 25. Registered at ProZ.com: Jan 2009.
I have always been good at languages and litereture and love writing.
I started teaching English at a British Council sponsored institute.
In the days when interpreters were few I was asked to take a test and subsequently became a conference interpreter (all types of interpretation) and a member of AIIC, Geneva. I was also for a time member of TAALS Washington, actually its secretary for South America but that was a long time ago. I have worked all over South and part of Central America and was for a few years based in Geneva (having worked mostly with the UN family) I also worked in Scandinavia and Rome.
Concomitantly I did translations, scientific, medical including surgery, books (Seeds of Change and Fundaments of Auditing), Plays, musicals included, some songs and poetry.
I worked for many years with Central Banks and with courses organized by Columbia University and headed by Nobel Prize winner Dr. Robert Mundell.
I have been for many years working with surgery and general medical journals.
I also worked for many years with a bilingual (EN/SP) international legal firm.
Many of these experiences were concomitant.
I have only recently turned to the work from home field and am a member of Translators' Café and GoTranslators.
I have written several papers based on professional matters which can be found in GoTranslators list of publications, dealing with things such as native versus mother tongue, language variations among countries, definition of types of specialization in the language field and others.
I like the challenge of translation and I like writing and I always edit and proofread my own translations.
I am used to the very strict code of ethics of interpreters and never attempt anything beyond my capacity; I always work into my two mother tongue level languages and am used to keeping professional secret. The translations I have posted in Proz have all been published.
