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Sample translations submitted: 2
English to Arabic: Theory of Social Revolutions from Authorama.com by Brooks Adams General field: Other Detailed field: History
Source text - English Text From ProZ.com translation contests » TranZ-Arabia I: "Translator of Arabia" March 30, 2013.
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Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, the application, by science, of steam to locomotion, made railways a favorite speculation. Forthwith, private capital acquired these highways, and because of the inelasticity of the old law, treated them as ordinary chattels, to be administered for the profit of the owner exclusively. It is true that railway companies posed as public agents when demanding the power to take private property; but when it came to charging for use of their ways, they claimed to be only private carriers, authorized to bargain as they pleased. Indeed, it grew to be considered a mark of efficient railroad management to extract the largest revenue possible from the people, along the lines of least resistance; that is, by taxing most heavily those individuals and localities which could least resist. And the claim by the railroads that they might do this as a matter of right was long upheld by the courts, nor have the judges even yet, after a generation of revolt and of legislation, altogether abandoned this doctrine.
The courts–reluctantly, it is true, and principally at the instigation of the railways themselves, who found the practice unprofitable–have latterly discountenanced discrimination as to persons, but they still uphold discrimination as to localities. Now, among abuses of sovereign power, this is one of the most galling, for of all taxes the transportation tax is perhaps that which is most searching, most insidious, and, when misused, most destructive. The price paid for transportation is not so essential to the public welfare as its equality; for neither persons nor localities can prosper when the necessaries of life cost them more than they cost their competitors. In towns, no cup of water can be drunk, no crust of bread eaten, no garment worn, which has not paid the transportation tax, and the farmer’s crops must rot upon his land, if other farmers pay enough less than he to exclude him from markets toward which they all stand in a position otherwise equal. Yet this formidable power has been usurped by private persons who have used it purely selfishly, as no legitimate sovereign could have used it, and by persons who have indignantly denounced all attempts to hold them accountable, as an infringement of their constitutional rights. Obviously, capital cannot assume the position of an irresponsible sovereign, living in a sphere beyond the domain of law, without inviting the fate which has awaited all sovereigns who have denied or abused their trust.
Translation - Arabic نظرية الثورات الاجتماعية لآدمز بروكس من الموقع Authorama.com
نحو منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، استعمل البخار في الحركة عن طريق العلوم مما جعل السكك الحديدية هي الأفضل في المضاربة. و استحوذ الرأسماليون الخواص على الفور هذه الطرق السريعة، وبسبب عدم مرونة القانون القديم، عاملوا السكك الحديدية مثل المنقولات العادية التي يتم إدارتها من أجل تحقيق أرباح للمالك لاغير. صحيح أن شركات السكك الحديدية يتم تشكيلها كوكلاء عاميين عند طلب سلطة اتخاذ الملكية الخاصة، ولكن عندما يتعلق الأمر بفرض رسوم على استخدام طرقهم، يزعمون أنهم ناقلين خواص مأذون لهم بالمفاوضة كما يحلو لهم. في الواقع، تفاقم الأمر الى درجة أنهم اعتبروه علامة على كفاءة إدارة السكك الحديدية في استخراج أكبر عائدات ممكنة من الشعب، على من هم أقل مقاومة، مما يعني من خلال فرض ضرائب أشد وطأة على هؤلاء الأفراد والمحليات التي يمكن أن تقاوم أقل. وأيدت المحاكم طويلا زعم السكك الحديدية أنها تقوم بذلك على سبيل الحق ، ولم يتخلى القضاة بعد عن هذا المبدأ بتاتا حتى بعد جيل من الثورات والتشريعات.
وعبرت المحاكم حديثا وعلى مضض، وهذا صحيح بالفعل، عن استياءها من التمييز العنصري للاشخاص - وكان أساسا بتحريض من السكك الحديدية نفسها التي وجدت أن هذه الممارسة غير مربحة - ولكنها لا تزال تتمسك بالتمييز على أساس المحليات. والآن، من بين إساءات استعمال السلطة السيادية لجميع الضرائب، وهذا واحد من أكثر الأمور المثيرة للحنق، تعد ضريبة النقل ربما الأكثر بحثا و الأخبث، وعندما يساء استخدامها، فهي الأكثر تدميرا. الثمن المدفوع للنقل ليس ضروريا جدا للصالح العام كما المساواة إذ لا يمكن للأشخاص ولا للمحليات أن تزدهر عندما تكلفهم ضروريات الحياة أكثر مما تكلف منافسيهم. أما في المدن، فلا يمكن لكوب من الماء أن يـشرب، ولا قشرة خبز أن تـؤكل، ولا لثياب أن تلبـس إن لم يتم دفع ضريبة النقل، ويجب أن تـتعفن محاصيل المزارع على أرضه، إذا ما دفع مزارعون آخرين أقل منه بما يكـفي لاستبعاده من الأسـواق باتجاه الوقوف جميعا موقـف المساواة خلاف ذلك. وقد تم حتى الآن اغتصاب هذه القوة الهائلة من قبل الأفراد الخواص الذين استخدموها بأنانية بحتة، حيث لا سيادة شرعية يمكن أن تستخدمها، وكذلك من قبل الأشخاص الذين نددوا بسخط كل المحاولات لمحاسبتهم، واعتبارها انتهاكا لحقوقهم الدستورية. ومن الواضح أنه لا يمكن للعاصمة ان تتولى منصب ذا سيادة غير مسؤولة، وهي تعيش في مجال خارج نطاق القانون، ودون دعوة المصير الذي ينتظر كل الملوك الذين نفوا أو أساءوا لثقتهم.
ترجمة الأستاذة نورة الغـني
English to French: French English Samples Published On the O.N.A.S Website: Environmental Field General field: Other Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - English French English Samples Published On the O.N.A.S Website: Environmental Field
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Activities
Operating & Maintenance
The works of maintenance and upkeep of sanitation facilities represent major activities for the operation units. These works include in particular:
* clearing of pumping stations sumps;
* maintenance of the equipment installed in pumping stations;
* operation and maintenance of treatment plants.
The maintenance of the sewerage network is conducted by the use of advanced mechanical equipment and machinery. Indeed, the ONAS equipment and machinery fleet comprises:
• 96 suction and water pressure clearing trucks (of which 12 small-size);
• 10 giant suction trucks
• 65 mud-removal trucks
• 35 suction-trucks (of which 8 small-size);
• 5 mobile units for camera inspection
In order to carry out the activities above, the operation units draw up every year an annual programme for clearing the networks and annexed facilities, as well as for preventive maintenance of the wastewater and pumping facilities, and this in view of the human resources and equipment available and also of the profitability of the equipment and periodicity of the clearing operations. The intervention zones are listed in priority order and in terms of the relevant schedule. The annual programme is updated at the end of each month in view of the progress of the works.
Components of the operated network as of December 2010
• Total network length: 14 798 km;
• Inspection manholes: 497 083 units
• Storm water gutters: 56 127
• Connection boxes: 1 018 028 units
• Pumping stations: 713
Besides, ONAS has entrusted private developers with the activities of operating part of the network and its annexed facilities as follows:
• Total network length: 1934 km (15,5 % of the total network);
• Inspection manholes: 59 000 units (13.3 % of the total inspection manholes);
• Storm water gutters: 4700
• Connection boxes: 158200 units
• Pumping stations: 12
• Wastewater treatment plants 21.
Clearing of sewerage networks as of December 2010
ONAS services have undertaken as of December 2009, together with the private sector, the clearing of :
• 7666 km of networks (58 % of the total network length);
• 425206 connection boxes and inspection manholes.
Operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants
As of end of 2010, the number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) amounted to 109 WWTPs, including the plants constructed in rural environment.
These are the treatment processes used:
• Activated sludge
• Oxidation ditch
• Natural ponds
• Biological clarifiers
• Filtration sewer
Modern technologies are used in all wastewater treatment plants constructed by ONAS, which allow automatic operation of these plants. The latter are managed by specialized staff and technicians with expertise in wastewater treatment and maintenance of the electro-mechanical equipments. The quality of treated wastewater is regularly controlled in the laboratories installed at the plants or in private laboratories. Every year, some 180 000 laboratory analysis operations are performed in this regard.
Translation - French Activités
Exploitation et Maintenance
L’entretien et la maintenance des ouvrages d’assainissement constituent l’une des principales activités des unités d’exploitation. Les travaux consistent, essentiellement en :
• le curage des canalisations d’assainissement et de leurs ouvrages annexes (regards d’égouts, boites de branchement, avaloirs des eaux pluviales) ;
• le curage des bâches des stations de pompage ;
• la gestion et l’entretien des stations d'épuration.
Des équipements mécaniques et du matériel moderne sont utilisés pour l’entretien du réseau d’assainissement. Le parc de l’ONAS comporte :
• 96 véhicules hydrocureurs (dont 12 mini cureuses);
• 10 aspiratrices géantes
• 65 engins à boues
• 35 aspiratrices (dont 8 mini-aspiratrices)
• 5 véhicules d'inspection de réseau par caméra
Au début de chaque année, les unités d’exploitation élaborent un programme annuel pour le curage des réseaux et pour l’entretien préventif des équipements des stations d’épuration et de pompage, en fonction des ressources humaines et matérielles disponibles, du degré de fonctionnalité des équipements et de la fréquence des opérations de curage.
En fonction de ce programme, l’ONAS fixe les zones d’intervention prioritaires et la période nécessaire à cet effet.
Ce programme est actualisé à la fin de chaque mois, compte tenu de l’avancement des travaux.
Composant du réseau exploité en 2010
Le réseau exploité en 2010 se compose de :
• Linéaire du réseau : 14 798 km
• Regards d’égouts : 497 083 unités
• Grilles et avaloirs d'eaux pluviales : 56 127
• Boîtes de branchement : 1 018 028 unités
• Stations de pompage : 713
L’exploitation d’une partie du réseau et de ses annexes a été confiée à des entreprises privées. Ces travaux concernent :
• Linéaire du réseau : 1934 km (15.5 % de la longueur totale du réseau)
• Regards d’égouts : 59 000 unités (13.3 % de l’ensemble des regards)
• Grilles et avaloirs d'eaux pluviales : 4700
• Boîtes de branchement : 158 200 unités
• Stations de pompage : 125
• Stations d'épuration : 21
Opérations de curage durant l'année 2010
Au cours de l’année 2010, les services de l’ONAS et le secteur privé ont procédé au curage de :
• 7 666 km de canalisations (58% de la longueur totale du réseau) ;
• 425 206 regards d’égouts et avaloirs d’eaux pluviales.
Exploitation et entretien des stations d'épuration
Au terme de l'année 2010, le nombre des stations d’épuration s’élevait à 109 stations, y compris celles réalisées dans les zones rurales.
Les procédés de traitement utilisés sont:
* boue activée à faible charge
* boue activée à moyenne charge
* lagunage naturel facultatif ou aéré
* filtre biologique
La plupart des stations de traitement mises en service par l’ONAS s'appuient sur des techniques récentes, dotées d’équipements de pointe qui assurent leur fonctionnement automatique et sont placées sous la direction de cadres et techniciens spécialisés dans le domaine de traitement et d’entretien des équipements électromécaniques.
La qualité des eaux traitées est contrôlée périodiquement dans les laboratoires implantés dans les stations ou dans les laboratoires privés, où s’effectuent annuellement 180000 opérations d'analyses.
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Translation education
Bachelor's degree - Faculty of Letters, Arts and Humanties, Manouba - Tunisia -http://www.flm.rnu.tn/
Experience
Years of experience: 19. Registered at ProZ.com: Jan 2009.
English to French (BA in English Language and Literature (2007)) English to Arabic (BA in English Language and Literature (2007)) Arabic to French (BA in English Language and Literature (2007)) Arabic to English (BA in English Language and Literature (2007))
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N/A
Software
Adobe Acrobat, Google Translator Toolkit, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint
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CV available upon request
Bio
Noura EL Ghani has a Bachelor's Degree in English Language & Literature obtained from the Faculty of Letters, Arts and Humanities - University of Manouba - Tunisia.
http://www.proz.com/translator_associations/2545
She studied Translation and Business Translation (from Arabic/French into English and from English into Arabic/French) as main subjects attached to her study. Noura studied also E.S.P (English for Specific Purpose).
She is a freelance translator and an English teacher. She has an important experience in both fields: For instance, she worked as a translator and a writer for two years in the " Directorate of International Cooperation and Public Relations " affiliated to " the National Sanitation Utility " (ONAS) / an environmental field. Besides, she worked in many private translation agencies in Tunisia such as the HLV. In addition, Noura worked as an English teacher in the Bourguiba Institute of Modern Languages and as an online- teacher / tutor as well...etc
Keywords: translation, freelance, translator, arabic, english, french, language, translating, teacher, online. See more.translation, freelance, translator, arabic, english, french, language, translating, teacher, online, english teacher, secondary school, teaching. See less.
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