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Sample translations submitted: 2
English to Malay: Headache Relief General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Health Care
Source text - English head is one of the most common sites for body pain. Even though the brain itself has no pain fibers, headache pain arises from the structures that surround the skull and the brain—the tissues, arteries, veins, and nerves—which can become inflamed or irritated. Headache pain is often difficult to describe; it might be a dull or sharp ache or a throbbing or squeezing, and the onset may be constant or intermittent, the levels mild or intense. Headaches are classified into primary and secondary groups. Secondary headaches are caused by structural problems in the head or neck, disease, or substance abuse, and also cranial neuralgia, facial pain, and other types of pain. The primary category includes tension, migraine, and cluster headaches.
The cause of a tension headache, the most frequently occurring kind, is not yet understood: one possibility is contractions of the muscles that cover the skull. Stressors that induce tension headaches may include prolonged manual labor, sitting at a computer and concentrating for long hours, and emotional stress. The main symptom is mild-to-moderate pain on both sides of the head.
Cluster headaches, which often run in families, tend to occur daily
for a week or so, usually at the same time of day or night, and then disappear for months or even years. A sudden release of histamine and serotonin in the brain can trigger them, as well as a change in sleep patterns or certain medications. Sufferers describe the pain (typically located behind one eye) as excruciating. Cluster headaches are treated with oxygen inhalation and with triptan injections, lidocaine sprays, and other prescription medications.
Migraine headaches are the result of certain physiological changes in the brain. Symptoms can include warning indicators such as visual auras (flashing lights or blind spots) or a weakness on one side of the body, followed by debilitating throbbing or pounding pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Triggers include red wine, aged cheese, the nitrates in smoked meats, some oral contraceptives, monosodium glutamate, sugar substitutes, alcohol, chocolate, and stress, as well as exposure to bright lights, loud noises, or strong smells. Attacks may
last from 4 to 72 hours, and female sufferers outnumber males by three to one. Treatment includes over-the-counter and prescription drugs; preventative measures may include blood pressure, antiseizure, and antidepressant medications.
Healthy Solutions
Severe headaches require monitoring by a doctor, but tension headaches and early-stage migraines can sometimes be allayed by using natural treatments. Dietary changes—avoiding nitrates or MSG—can even forestall the onset of headaches. Traditional treatments for headaches include drinking plenty of water, increasing B-complex vitamins, detoxification therapy using two cups of apple cider vinegar in a hot bath, stretching exercises, and chiropractic treatments for improved posture.
CAYENNE PEPPER
Applying cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum) mixed with a dab of olive oil to the temples and neck can relieve headaches, relax muscles, and reduce inflammation—the capsaicin in the spice depletes substance P, a neuropeptide that causes headache pain, by evoking pain in another part of the body.
Translation - Malay Kepala merupakan salah satu bahagian tubuh badan yang paling kerap sakit. Walaupun otak itu sendiri tidak mengandungi saraf sakit, sakit kepala boleh datang daripada struktur-struktur yang mengelilingi tengkorak dan otak – tisu, arteri, urat, dan saraf – yang boleh menyebabkan keradangan dan ketidakselesaan. Sakit kepala kebiasaannya sukar untuk dijelaskan; ia boleh berlaku secara ringan, terasa seperti mencucuk, berdenyut, atau memulas. Pada peringkat permulaan ia mungkin berlaku secara berterusan atau berulang, dari tahap yang ringan sehingga teruk. Sakit kepala boleh dikelaskan dalam dua kumpulan, iaitu kumpulan utama dan kumpulan bukan utama. Kumpulan bukan utama berlaku disebabkan oleh masalah dari segi struktur pada bahagian kepala atau tengkuk, penyakit, pengambilan bahan terlarang, neuralgia cranial, kesakitan di bahagian muka, dan kesakitan-kesakitan yang lain. Kategori utama pula terdiri daripada ketegangan, migrain, dan sakit kepala jenis berkelompok.
Penyebab bagi sakit kepala jenis tegang, iaitu jenis yang paling kerap dialami, masih belum difahami sepenuhnya. Namun demikian, ketegangan otot yang meliputi tengkorak mungkin merupakan salah satu penyebabnya. Ketegangan ini berlaku mungkin kerana bekerja terlalu lama, duduk dan menumpukan perhatian pada komputer dalam jangka masa yang lama, dan juga tekanan emosi. Simptom utama sakit kepala jenis tegang ialah kesakitan pada kedua-dua belah kepala, sama ada kesakitan ringan atau sederhana.
Sakit kepala berkelompok, yang kebiasaannya berlaku dalam kitaran keluarga yang sama, cenderung untuk berlaku lebih kurang seminggu sekali, dan selalunya dialami oleh pesakit pada waktu yang sama pada hari siang atau malam, dan seterusnya akan berhenti selama beberapa bulan atau tahun. Sakit kepala jenis ini boleh dicetuskan oleh pelepasan histamin dan serotonin secara mendedak dalam otak, serta perubahan pola tidur atau pengambilan ubat tertentu. Sakit yang berada di bahagian belakang mata ini sering kali disifatkan sebaga kesakitan yang melampau. Sakit kepala berkelompok diubati dengan menyedut oksigen dan suntikan triptan, serta semburan lidocaine dan lain-lain jenis rawatan.
Sakit kepala jenis migrain pula merupakan kesan daripada perubahan fisiologi dalam otak. Simptomnya boleh merangkumi petanda yang bersifat amaran seperti aura visual (pancaran cahaya terang atau titik buta) ataupun keadaan lemah pada salah satu bahagian tubuh badan. Simptom ini diikuti dengan rasa sakit seperti berdenyut dan memukul, mual, dan sensitiviti terhadap cahaya dan bunyi. Punca sakit kepala jenis ini termasuklah wain merah, keju lama, sebatian nitrat dalam daging yang disalai, ubat kontraseptif oral, glutamat monosodium, pengganti gula, alkohol, coklat, dan tekanan, serta pendedahan kepada cahaya yang terang, kebisingan, dan bau yang kuat. Kesakitan boleh perpanjangan dari empat hingga 74 jam, dan sejumlah besar penderita sakit kepala jenis ini ialah wanita, iaitu sebanyak tiga kali ganda daripada lelaki. Rawatan yang dilakukan termasuklah pengambilan ubat tertentu (dengan atau tanpa preskripsi doktor). Tindakan mencegah pula terdiri daripada rawatan tekanan darah, anti-sawan, dan anti-depresan.
Penyelesaian yang Sihat
Sakit kepala yang teruk memerlukan pengawasan doktor, tetapi sakit kepala jenis tegang dan migrain yang masih di peringkat awal boleh diatasi dengan rawatan alami. Perubahan diet dengan mengurangkan nitrat dan MSG boleh menghenti sakit kepala yang tidak serius daripada semakin melarat. Rawatan tradisional bagi mengatasi sakit kepala termasuklah minum air dengan banyak, meningkatkan pengambilan vitamin B-Kompleks, terapi nyahtoksik dengan meletakkan cuka epal dalam mandian panas, melakukan regangan, dan rawatan kiropraktik untuk memperbaik postur tubuh badan.
LADA CAYYENE
Menggunakan lada cayenne (Capsicum Annuum) yang dicampur dengan sedikit minyak zaitun untuk diletakkan pada dahi kanan dan kiri serta leher boleh melegakan sakit kepala, mengendurkan otot, dan mengurangkan keradangan – kapsaisin dalam ramuan tersebut boleh mengurangkan bahan P, iaitu neuropeptid yang menyebabkan sakit kepala, dengan mewujudkan kesakitan pada bahagian tubuh yang lain.
Malay to English: Terminologi Syurga/The Terminology of Paradise General field: Other Detailed field: Religion
Source text - Malay Berdasarkan rajah diatas, istilah syurga dipanggil sebagai Jannah (جَنَّة). Menurut Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī dalam kitabnya, kata asalnya daripada perkataan janna (جَنَّ) yang membawa maksud menutupi sesuatu dari pacaindera. Jannah (جَنَّة) mempunyai dua makna iaitu kebun (MAQ1) dan syurga (MAQ2). Jannah (جَنَّة) adalah kebun yang mempunyai pokok, yang mana pohon-pohon itu menutupi tanah. Firman Allah;
Menurut Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī, syurga (MAQ2) juga dinamakan dengan Jannah (جَنَّة), kerana boleh disamakan dengan kebun yang ada di bumi, meskipun hakikat keduanya berbeza. Dan juga disebabkan tertutupnya nikmat-nikmat yang ada di sana daripada kita seperti firman Allah;
Ibnu Abbas berkata syurga (MAQ2) boleh disebut dengan kata (جَنَّات) dalam bentuk jamak (plural) kerana syurga memiliki tujuh nama iaitu; Syurga Firdaus, Syurga ‘And, Syurga Na’im, Syurga Dar Khuld (rumah keabadian), Syurga Ma’wā dan Syurga ‘Illiyyin.
Dapatan ini turut ditrangulasikan dengan data sekunder iaitu Kamus al-Qur´an, Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an dan Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an bagi menyokong dan memperincikan lagi maksud istilah syurga yang diperbahaskan. Berdasarkan Kamus al-Qur´an, istilah syurga hanya diterangkan melalui istilah Firdaus (فِردَوس) sahaja yang membawa maksud syurga (KQ1) sama seperti (MAQ2) yang menunjukkan syurga yang paling tinggi darjatnya. Berikut adalah Rajah 2 dibawah;
Menurut Kamus al-Qur´an, istilah Firdaus (فِردَوس) mempunyai beberapa maksud, antaranya ialah; (1) lembah yang subur. (2) taman; (3) kebun di syurga; (4) tempat yang ditumbuhi pohon anggur. Perkataan ini diulang dua kali dalam Quran iaitu dalam surah Al-Kahf (18:107) dan surah Al-Mu´minūn (23:11). Yang dimaksudkan Firdaus (فِردَوس) di dalam kedua ayat ini adalah syurga yang paling tinggi darjatnya. Narrated Abu Huraira:
Allah telah menggariskan ciri-ciri orang yang akan mendapat tempat di dalam syurga Firdaus (فِردَوس) seperti dalam firman Allah;
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Kahf 18:107)
Selain daripada Kamus al-Qur´an, pengkaji juga menggunakan Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an sebagai data sekunder kedua untuk menyokong dapatan dan memperkayakan lagi dapatan Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī. Berikut dibawah adalah Rajah 3 yang menunjukkan dapatan istilah syurga menurut Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, menurut Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an, istilah syurga dibincangkan dalam dua istilah arab iaitu; Jannah (جَنَّة) dan Firdaus (فِردَوس). Bagi istilah Jannah (جَنَّة) mempunyai satu tema iaitu tema kebun (SFB1) sama seperti (MAQ1). Kemudian bagi istilah Firdaus (فِردَوس) juga mempunyai satu tema iaitu tema syurga (SFB2) sama seperti (MAQ2 dan KQ1). Terdapat beberapa ayat Quran yang menerangkan Jannah (جَنَّة) sebagai kebun (SFB1) seperti firman Allah;
Kemudian, bagi istilah Firdaus (فِردَوس) pula, sama seperti yang dibincangkan dalam KQ1 melalui surah Al-Kahf (18:107). Firdaus (فِردَوس) adalah syurga yang paling tinggi dan yang paling tinggi darjatnya.
Selain mendapatkan dapatan daripada kedua buku sebelum ini, buku Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an - Syārah Alfāzhul Qur'an juga digunakan sebagai sumber sekunder ketiga untuk mentrangulasikan data supaya lebih konkrit. Buku ini hanya membahaskan syurga melalui istilah Jannah (جَنَّة) yang membawa maksud kebun (EMQ1) sama seperti (MAQ1 dan SFB1). Berikut adalah dapatan istilah syurga menurut Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an - Syārah Alfāzhul Qur'an;
Berdasarkan Rajah diatas istilah Jannah (جَنَّة) membawa maksud kebun (EMQ1). Firman Alah;
۞وَٱضۡرِبۡ لَهُم مَّثَلٗا رَّجُلَيۡنِ جَعَلۡنَا لِأَحَدِهِمَا جَنَّتَيۡنِ مِنۡ أَعۡنَٰبٖ وَحَفَفۡنَٰهُمَا بِنَخۡلٖ وَجَعَلۡنَا بَيۡنَهُمَا
زَرۡعٗا
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Kahf 18:32)
Jannah adalah taman yang pohon-pohonnya menutupi tanah yang ada dibawahnya. Dan kata jannataini (جَنَّتَيۡنِ) ertinya dua kebun.
Melalui ayat ini, Imam Maraghi mengatakan bahawa isim (kata nama) atau fi’il (perbuatan) yang berkaitan dengan lafaz janna (جَنَّ) membawa maksud sesuatu yang tersembunyi sama seperti yang dihuraikan oleh Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī dalam kitabnya, perkataan janna (جَنَّ) membawa maksud menutupi sesuatu dari pacaindera.
Kesimpulannya, istilah syurga boleh dibahagikan kepada dua iaitu Jannah (جَنَّة) dan Firdaus (فِردَوس). Istilah Jannah (جَنَّة) berasal daripada janna (جَنَّ) sesuatu yang tersembunyi dan ditutupi. Istilah ini membawa dua maksud iaitu kebun; yang ditutupi tanahnya dengan pohon-pohon. Kedua, syurga, yang ditutupi segala nikmat-nikmat daripada pacaindera manusia. Syurga memiliki beberapa nama dan syurga yang paling tinggi darjatnya ialah Syurga Firdaus (فِردَوس). Selain itu, ciri-ciri orang yang akan memasuki syurga juga diterangkan seperti dalam surah al-Mu´minūn (23:2-9). Jadual dibawah adalah kesimpulan bagi semua tema-tema yang telah dibincangkan di atas;
Berdasarkan jadual diatas, tema kebun bagi istilah Jannah (جَنَّة) merupakan tema majoriti bagi tiga buah kitab iaitu Mufrādāt al-Lafzul Qur´an, Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an dan Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an. Kemudian diikuti dengan tema syurga bagi istilah Firdaus (فِردَوس) seperti yang dihuraikan sebagai syurga yang paling tinggi dan paling tinggi darjatnya dalam Kamus al-Qur´an dan Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an. Dan yang terakhir, tema syurga bagi istilah Jannah (جَنَّة) yang berasal daripada janna (جَنَّ) sesuatu yang tersembunyi dan ditutup segala nikmat-nikmat daripada pacaindera manusia seperti yang dihuraikan dalam Mufrādāt al-Lafzul Qur´an.
Translation - English As the above figure shows, the term paradise is referred to as Jannah (جَنَّة). According to Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī in his book, this word originated from Janna (جنَّ), meaning “to conceal something from the human senses.” Jannah (جَنة) has two meanings, namely garden (MAQ1) and paradise. Jannah is (جَنة) is a garden that has many trees which cover the ground. As Allah says:
لَقَدۡ كَانَ لِسَبَإٖ فِي مَسۡكَنِهِمۡ ءَايَةٞۖ جَنَّتَانِ عَن يَمِينٖ وَشِمَالٖۖ كُلُواْ مِن رِّزۡقِ رَبِّكُمۡ وَٱشۡكُرُواْ لَهُۥۚ بَلۡدَةٞ طَيِّبَةٞ وَرَبٌّ غَفُورٞ
There was for [the tribe of] Saba’ in their dwelling place a sign: two [fields of] gardens on the right and on the left. [They were told], “Eat from the provisions of your Lord and be grateful to Him. A good land [have you], and a forgiving Lord.”
(Al-Qur´an. Sabā´ 34:15)
فَأَعۡرَضُواْ فَأَرۡسَلۡنَا عَلَيۡهِمۡ سَيۡلَ ٱلۡعَرِمِ وَبَدَّلۡنَٰهُم بِجَنَّتَيۡهِمۡ جَنَّتَيۡنِ ذَوَاتَيۡ أُكُلٍ خَمۡطٖ وَأَثۡلٖ وَشَيۡءٖ مِّن سِدۡرٖ قَلِيلٖ
There was for [the tribe of] Saba’ in their dwelling place a sign: two [fields of] gardens on the right and on the left. [They were told], “Eat from the provisions of your Lord and be grateful to Him. A good land [have you], and a forgiving Lord.”
(Al-Qur´an. Sabā´ 34:16)
وَلَوۡلَآ إِذۡ دَخَلۡتَ جَنَّتَكَ قُلۡتَ مَا شَآءَ ٱللَّهُ لَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِٱللَّهِۚ إِن تَرَنِ أَنَا۠ أَقَلَّ مِنكَ مَالٗا وَوَلَدٗا
And why did you, when you entered your garden, not say, 'What Allah willed [has occurred]; there is no power except in Allah'? Although you see me less than you in wealth and children,
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Kahf 18:39)
According to Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī, the paradise (MAQ2) is also referred to as Jannah (جَنَّة), since it can be compared to a garden on Earth, although in fact they are different; and because it is hidden from us all the pleasures it has as stated by Allah in the verse that follows:
فَلَا تَعۡلَمُ نَفۡسٞ مَّآ أُخۡفِيَ لَهُم مِّن قُرَّةِ أَعۡيُنٖ جَزَآءَۢ بِمَا كَانُواْ يَعۡمَلُونَ
And no soul knows what has been hidden for them of comfort for eyes [i.e., satisfaction] as reward for what they used to do.
(Al-Qur´an. As-Sajdah 32:17)
Ibnu Abbas says that the paradise may be mentioned in the plural form (جَنَّات) because it has seven names, namely: Firdaus, ‘And, Na’im, Dar Khuld (House of Eternity), Ma’ wā and ‘Illiyyin.
These findings may be triangulated with secondary data such as Kamus al-Qur´an, Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an, and Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an to support and detail the terminology of paradise that has been discussed. In Kamus al-Qur´an, the term “paradise” is only explained in terms of Firdaus (فِردَوس), meaning “Paradise” (KQ1), similar to (MAQ2) which considers Firdaus as the highest paradise. This is illustrated in Figure 2 below:
According to Kamus al-Qur´an, the term Firdaus (فِردَوس) has several meanings, such as: (1) fertile valley, (2) park, (3) garden of paradise, and (4) a place in which grapes grow abundantly. This word mentioned twice in the Quran, viz. in sura Al-Kahf (18: 107) and sura Al-Mu´minūn (23:11), both of which refer to Firdaus (فِردَوس) as the highest paradise. Narrated by Abu Huraira:
حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ صَالِحٍ حَدَّثَنَا فُلَيْحٌ عَنْ هِلاَلِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ” مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَبِرَسُولِهِ وَأَقَامَ الصَّلاَةَ وَصَامَ رَمَضَانَ كَانَ حَقًّا عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يُدْخِلَهُ الْجَنَّةَ جَاهَدَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أَوْ جَلَسَ فِي أَرْضِهِ الَّتِي وُلِدَ فِيهَا “. فَقَالُوا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَفَلاَ نُبَشِّرُ النَّاسَ. قَالَ ” إِنَّ فِي الْجَنَّةِ مِائَةَ دَرَجَةٍ أَعَدَّهَا اللَّهُ لِلْمُجَاهِدِينَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ مَا بَيْنَ الدَّرَجَتَيْنِ كَمَا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالأَرْضِ فَإِذَا سَأَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ فَاسْأَلُوهُ الْفِرْدَوْسَ فَإِنَّهُ أَوْسَطُ الْجَنَّةِ وَأَعْلَى الْجَنَّةِ أُرَاهُ فَوْقَهُ عَرْشُ الرَّحْمَنِ وَمِنْهُ تَفَجَّرُ أَنْهَارُ الْجَنَّةِ “. قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ فُلَيْحٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ ” وَفَوْقَهُ عَرْشُ الرَّحْمَنِ “.
The Prophet (ﷺ) said, “Whoever believes in Allah and His Apostle, offer prayer perfectly and fasts the month of Ramadan, will rightfully be granted Paradise by Allah, no matter whether he fights in Allah's Cause or remains in the land where he is born. ” The people said, “O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ! Shall we acquaint the people with the is good news? ” He said, “Paradise has one-hundred grades which Allah has reserved for the Mujahidin who fight in His Cause, and the distance between each of two grades is like the distance between the Heaven and the Earth. So, when you ask Allah (for something), ask for al-Firdaus which is the best and highest part of Paradise. ” (i.e. The sub-narrator added, “I think the Prophet also said, “Above it (i.e. al-Firdaus) is the Throne of Beneficent (i.e. Allah), and from it originate the rivers of Paradise.”)
Sahih al-Bukhari (2790)
Allah has outlined several traits of people who will obtain his or her place in Firdaus (فِردَوس) as evident from the following verse:
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ كَانَتۡ لَهُمۡ جَنَّٰتُ ٱلۡفِرۡدَوۡسِ نُزُلًا
Indeed, those who have believed and done righteous deeds - they will have the Gardens of Paradise as a lodging,
(Al-Qur´an, Al-Kahf 18:107)
Allah also says:
﴿ ٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ فِي صَلَاتِهِمۡ خَٰشِعُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ عَنِ ٱللَّغۡوِ مُعۡرِضُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ لِلزَّكَوٰةِ فَٰعِلُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ لِفُرُوجِهِمۡ حَٰفِظُونَ إِلَّا عَلَىٰٓ أَزۡوَٰجِهِمۡ أَوۡ مَا مَلَكَتۡ أَيۡمَٰنُهُمۡ فَإِنَّهُمۡ غَيۡرُ مَلُومِينَ فَمَنِ ٱبۡتَغَىٰ وَرَآءَ ذَٰلِكَ فَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡعَادُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ لِأَمَٰنَٰتِهِمۡ وَعَهۡدِهِمۡ رَٰعُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ عَلَىٰ صَلَوَٰتِهِمۡ يُحَافِظُونَ ٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ فِي صَلَاتِهِمۡ خَٰشِعُونَ ٢ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ عَنِ ٱللَّغۡوِ مُعۡرِضُونَ ٣ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ لِلزَّكَوٰةِ فَٰعِلُونَ ٤ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ لِفُرُوجِهِمۡ حَٰفِظُونَ ٥ إِلَّا عَلَىٰٓ أَزۡوَٰجِهِمۡ أَوۡ مَا مَلَكَتۡ أَيۡمَٰنُهُمۡ فَإِنَّهُمۡ غَيۡرُ مَلُومِينَ ٦ فَمَنِ ٱبۡتَغَىٰ وَرَآءَ ذَٰلِكَ فَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡعَادُونَ ٧ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ لِأَمَٰنَٰتِهِمۡ وَعَهۡدِهِمۡ رَٰعُونَ ٨ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُمۡ عَلَىٰ صَلَوَٰتِهِمۡ يُحَافِظُونَ
They who are during their prayer humbly intent (2) And they who turn away from ill speech (3) And they who are observant of zakāh (4) And they who guard their private parts (5) Except from their wives or those their right hands possess, for indeed, they will not be blamed – (6) But whoever seeks beyond that, then those are the transgressors – (7) And they who are to their trusts and their promises attentive (8) And they who carefully maintain their prayers – (9)
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Mu´minūn 23:2-9)
Other than Kamus al-Quran, Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an is also used as a secondary data source to support and enrich the findings of Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī’s. The following figure shows the terminology of paradise according to Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an’s findings.
As the above diagram illustrates, the term “paradise” is mentioned as one of the two Arabic words: Jannah (جَنَّة) and Firdaus (فِردَوس). As for the term Jannah (جَنَّة), there are two themes. The first one is the garden theme (SFB1), which is comparable to (MAQ1); and the second one is the paradise theme (SFB2), which is comparable to (MAQ2 dan KQ1). There are several verses in the Quran that use the term Jannah (جَنَّة) in the sense of garden, such as:
وَمَثَلُ ٱلَّذِينَ يُنفِقُونَ أَمْوَٰلَهُمُ ٱبْتِغَآءَ مَرْضَاتِ ٱللَّهِ وَتَثْبِيتًا مِّنْ أَنفُسِهِمْ كَمَثَلِ جَنَّةٍ بِرَبْوَةٍ أَصَابَهَا وَابِلٌ فَـَٔاتَتْ أُكُلَهَا ضِعْفَيْنِ فَإِن لَّمْ يُصِبْهَا وَابِلٌ فَطَلٌّ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ
And the example of those who spend their wealth seeking means to the approval of Allah and assuring [reward for] themselves is like a garden on high ground which is hit by a downpour - so it yields its fruits in double. And [even] if it is not hit by a downpour, then a drizzle [is sufficient]. And Allah, of what you do, is Seeing.
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Baqarah 2:265)
۞وَٱضۡرِبۡ لَهُم مَّثَلٗا رَّجُلَيۡنِ جَعَلۡنَا لِأَحَدِهِمَا جَنَّتَيۡنِ مِنۡ أَعۡنَٰبٖ وَحَفَفۡنَٰهُمَا بِنَخۡلٖ وَجَعَلۡنَا بَيۡنَهُمَا زَرۡعٗا ﴾
And present to them an example of two men: We granted to one of them two gardens of grapevines, and We bordered them with palm trees and placed between them [fields of] crops.
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Kahf 18:32)
أَوۡ يُلۡقَىٰٓ إِلَيۡهِ كَنزٌ أَوۡ تَكُونُ لَهُۥ جَنَّةٞ يَأۡكُلُ مِنۡهَاۚ وَقَالَ ٱلظَّٰلِمُونَ إِن تَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا رَجُلٗا مَّسۡحُورًا﴾
Or [why is not] a treasure presented to him [from heaven], or does he [not] have a garden from which he eats?” And the wrongdoers say, “You follow not but a man affected by magic.”
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Furqān 25:8)
﴿ إِنَّا بَلَوۡنَٰهُمۡ كَمَا بَلَوۡنَآ أَصۡحَٰبَ ٱلۡجَنَّةِ إِذۡ أَقۡسَمُواْ لَيَصۡرِمُنَّهَا مُصۡبِحِينَ ﴾
Indeed, We have tried them as We tried the companions of the garden, when they swore to cut its fruit in the [early] morning
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Qalam 68:17)
وَيُمۡدِدۡكُم بِأَمۡوَٰلٖ وَبَنِينَ وَيَجۡعَل لَّكُمۡ جَنَّٰتٖ وَيَجۡعَل لَّكُمۡ أَنۡهَٰرٗا
And give you increase in wealth and children and provide for you gardens and provide for you rivers.
(Al-Qur´an. Nuh 71:12)
وَجَنَّٰتٍ أَلۡفَافًا
And gardens of entwined growth.
(Al-Qur´an. An-Naba´ 78:16)
As for the term Firdaus (فِردَوس), as discussed in KQ1 through sura Al-Kahf (18:107), Firdaus (فِردَوس) is the paradise of the highest level.
Apart from the books that have been discussed, Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an is Syārah Alfāzhul Qur'an another source. It is also used as the third secondary data source to triangulate data in order to make the findings more solid. This book only speaks of paradise in terms of Jannah (جَنَّة), meaning garden (EMQ1). This is in accordance with (MAQ1) and (SFB1). The figure that follows shows the terminology of paradise according to Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an - Syārah Alfāzhul Qur'an:
As shown in the above figure, Jannah (جَنَّة) refers to a garden (EMQ1). As Allah says:
۞وَٱضۡرِبۡ لَهُم مَّثَلٗا رَّجُلَيۡنِ جَعَلۡنَا لِأَحَدِهِمَا جَنَّتَيۡنِ مِنۡ أَعۡنَٰبٖ وَحَفَفۡنَٰهُمَا بِنَخۡلٖ وَجَعَلۡنَا بَيۡنَهُمَا زَرۡعٗا
And present to them an example of two men: We granted to one of them two gardens of grapevines, and We bordered them with palm trees and placed between them [fields of] crops.
(Al-Qur´an. Al-Kahf 18:32)
Jannah is a garden, the trees of which cover the ground; and the word jannataini (جَنَّتَيۡنِ) means two gardens. Allah states that:
فَلَمَّا جَنَّ عَلَيۡهِ ٱلَّيۡلُ رَءَا كَوۡكَبٗاۖ قَالَ هَٰذَا رَبِّيۖ فَلَمَّآ أَفَلَ قَالَ لَآ أُحِبُّ ٱلۡأٓفِلِينَ
So when the night covered him [with darkness], he saw a star. He said, “This is my lord.” But when it set, he said, “I like not those that set [i.e., disappear].”
(Al-Qur´an. Al-An’ām 6:76)
Referring to this verse, Imam Maraghi states that isim (a noun) or fi’il (a verb) associated with the expression janna (جَنَّ) refers to something hidden. This statement is in accordance with that of Ar-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī in his book, in which he says that janna (جَنَّ) means “to conceal something from the human senses.”
In conclusion, the terminological division of the term “paradise” is twofold: Jannah (جَنَّة) and Firdaus (فِردَوس). Jannah (جَنَّة) derives from the word janna (جَنَّ), ie. something hidden or covered. This word has two meanings, viz. a garden of which the trees cover the ground, and a paradise of which the pleasures are hidden from the human senses. Paradise has many names and the one which is at the highest level is Firdaus (فِردَوس). Besides, the special traits of people who will obtain paradise is addressed in sura al- Mu´minūn (23:2-9). The following table recaps all the themes that have been discussed:
According to the above table, the garden theme for the term Jannah (جَنَّة) is recognised by the majority, eg. Mufrādāt al-Lafzul Qur´an, Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an and Ensiklopedia Makna Al-Qur'an. This is followed by the paradise theme, in which Firdaus (فِردَوس) has been described as the highest level of paradise in Kamus al-Qur´an dan Al-Sirāj fī Bayān Gharib al-Qur´an. Finally, the paradise theme for the term Jannah (جَنَّة), derives from janna (جَنَّ), ie. something hidden or covered, as explained in Mufrādāt al-Lafzul Qur´an.
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