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French to English: Combinatorial Optimization - The Task Allocation problem General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Computers (general)
Source text - French On rappelle qu'il est convenu de considérer une tâche comme un ensemble d'instructions exécutées de manière séquentielle par un processeur. On peut considérer plusieurs types de tâches qui donneront lieu à des problèmes de placement de nature différente.
Lorsqu'il y a communication entre les tâches, il y a deux classes de modèles possibles:
- graphes de précédence: un programme peut être représenté par un graphe orienté, constitué de l'ensemble des tâches élémentaires (sommets) reliées par des contraintes de précédence (arcs). Chaque tâche est caractérisée par son temps d'exécution et chaque arc par un coût de communication qui modélise la quantité d'informations à échanger entre les différentes tâches. Cette représentation est communément appelée graphe de précédence. Les algorithmes réguliers tels que ceux de l'algèbre linéaire s'expriment naturellement sous forme de graphe de précédence. Il existe une littérature de plus en plus abondante sur la résolution des problèmes de placement vus du côté de l'ordonnancement, c'est-à-dire en prenant en compte des dépendances et des communications. Beaucoup de ces travaux sont théoriques (architecture idéalisée, temps d'exécution des tâches constants, communications en temps constant, etc.);
graphes d'interaction: il existe une autre manière de modéliser un algorithme en ignorant les relations de précédence entre les tâches, une arête modélise alors simplement une communication sans se soucier de son sens. Nous appellerons cette représentation graphe d'interaction. C'est ce modèle qui sert de base à la plupart des algorithmes de placement. Dans le cadre statique, nous représentons donc un programme comme un graphe dont les noeuds sont des tâches et les arêtes des liens de communication entre ces tâches. A ces noeuds et arêtes sont associés des nombres représentant respectivement des coûts de calcul et de communication.
Les modèles de graphes de précédence ou d'interaction ne sont pas généraux car ils ne permettent pas de modéliser tous les programmes parallèles. En effet, certaines applications possèdent une partie complètement dynamique qui ne peut pas être prise en compte du fait de la nature purement statique des modèles considérés.
Translation - English We recall that it has been agreed to consider a task as a set of instructions executed
sequentially by a processor. We can consider several types of tasks that will give rise
to allocation problems of different kinds.
When there is communication between the tasks, there are two possible classes of
models:
– precedence graphs: a program can be represented by a directed graph, made up
of the set of elementary tasks (vertices) linked by precedence constraints (arcs). Each
task is characterized by its execution time and each arc by a communication cost that
models the quantity of information to be exchanged between the different tasks. This
representation is commonly called a precedence graph. Normal algorithms such as
those in linear algebra can be expressed naturally in the form of a precedence graph.
There exists a more and more abundant literature on solving allocation problems seen
from the scheduling side, that is to say taking into account dependencies and commu-
nications. Many of these works are theoretical (idealized architecture, constant task
execution times, communications in constant time, etc.) [LAW 89];
– interaction graphs: there exists another way to model an algorithm ignoring the
precedence relations between the tasks, an edge then simply models a communica-
tion without worrying about its sense. We will call this representation an interaction
graph. It is a model that is used as the basis for most allocation algorithms. In the
static context, we represent a program therefore as a graph whose nodes are tasks
and whose edges are communication links between these tasks. Numbers are associ-
ated with these nodes and edges that represent calculation and communication costs
respectively.
Precedence or interaction graph models are not general because they do not allow us to
model all parallel programs. Indeed, certain applications have a completely dynamic
part that cannot be taken into account due to the purely static nature of the models
considered.
English to French: Structures Compensation General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - English ‘Offer displaced persons and communities compensation for loss of assets at full replacement cost and other assistance to help them improve or at least restore their standards of living or livelihoods’ (IFC Performance Standard 5)
Compensation for structures:
- Is an entitlement regardless of whether the structure owner has a legally recognised claim to land on which the structure is located or not
- Legal land tenure to be secured in cases of physical resettlement where PAPs are provided with assistance in obtaining or constructing a new home
- Market prices to be used to determine value of assets
- To include input and construction costs (eg labour and materials)
- Inclusive of all transition and transaction costs
- Recognises additional assistance needed for vulnerable PAPs
- Undertaken within a transparent, consistent and equitable process
- Monitored to ensure compensation restores livelihoods
- Co-ordinated by a Compensation Officer within the RIU
Translation - French ‘Offrir aux personnes et communautés déplacées une indemnisation de la perte d’actifs à leur prix de remplacement intégral, ainsi que toute autre assistance à même de leur permettre d’améliorer ou, au moins, rétablir leurs niveaux de vie (IFC Critères de Performance 5)’
L’Indemnisation des structures doit:
- Être un droit, que le propriétaire de la structure ait ou non un droit légalement reconnu à la terre sur laquelle est située la structure
- Obtenir les droits de propriété légaux dans les cas de réimplantation physique où une assistance est fournie aux PAP pour obtenir ou construire une nouvelle maison
- Evaluer la valeur des actifs au prix du marché
- Inclure les coûts de participation et de construction (par exemple la main d’œuvre et les matériaux)
- Inclure tous les coûts de transition et de transaction
- Identifier les besoins supplémentaires des PAP les plus vulnérables
- Se faire dans le cadre d’un processus transparent, cohérent et equitable
- Être suivi pour assurer que les indemnités permettent de rétablir les niveaux de vie
- Être coordonée par un Agent d‘Indemnisation dans le RIU
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Translation education
Bachelor's degree - University of Nottingham
Experience
Years of experience: 16. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2010.
French to English (BA (Hons) University of Nottingham)
Memberships
N/A
Software
Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Dreamweaver, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Office Pro, Microsoft Word, OmegaT, Powerpoint, Trados Studio
I am a confirmed francophile, who moved straight to France after completing my BA (French). I lived and worked in France for a long time (mostly in a large payroll outsourcing company), and all in all have lived over eight years in Toulouse before going back home (to the UK) to do a Masters in computer science. While doing my Masters, I also translated a three-tome work on combinatorial optimisation.
Whilst working as a pay engineer (title invented by the company, not me), I was called upon to assist English-speaking clients, translate communications to and from clients located in other countries (in English) and for chuchotage in telephone meetings involving English-speaking parties. Working in this company also gave me a great insight into French pay legislation and the vocabulary involved in it.
Whilst studying for my Masters, I also translated a work on combinatorial optimisation (about 1500 pages) for the publishing company Iste Publishing from the original French into English. This was a long project, involving many different authors (at least 20) which was published in June 2010, under the ISBNs 9781848211476, 9781848211483 and 9781848211490. The texts in this project were in the Latex markup language of which I learned a lot during the course of the project.
I have also translated training documents for an environmental project involving relocating inhabitants in Cameroon, for the company Scott Wilson.
Finally, like any other linguist, I have translated and corrected many CVs and assignments for friends!
Work ethic
Languages have always interested me (I have also studied Spanish, Italian and, to a lesser extent, Polish and am currently learning Russian) and my time spent living in France (eagerly avoiding anglophones) led me to acquire a deep knowledge of both the language and the culture. I have read a large amount of French classical literature as well as more recent works, which has given me a very wide vocabulary.
When translating, I am aware that phrases which may seem very easy to translate can have a completely different meaning in different spheres of expertise, and as such I make sure that my translation is coherent with other documents and translations in the same area (for which I made great use of Google Scholar when translating academic works).
From a schedule point of view, I tend to prefer breaks between projects, and so when working on a project will work solidly until it is complete (although this is obviously not the case for long projects). My laptop and the internet are my friends, allowing me to work wherever I am!
Misc
My main interest (other than languages) is computers. I have lived with them from early childhood and am very familiar with all that concerns them (hardware, software, OS, etc). I program in various languages and am also a web developer (my other current profession), which means that I am doubly qualified to advise on the localisation/internationalisation of a web site.
Keywords: English, French, translation, localization, internationalization, information technology, computer science, combinatorial optimization, payroll, web design
Expertise