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Thai to English: Endocrine Lesson General field: Science Detailed field: Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Translation - English 9.2 Hormone from endocrine glands and some important organs
9.2.1 Pineal gland
Pineal gland of an ectothermic animal, such as cyclostomates, amphibians, and some reptiles, does not produce hormone but it is the group of photoreceptor cells that are similar to those in human retina.
However, the pineal gland in endothermic animal especially in mammals, this gland had undergone development through evolution to be able to produce hormone. Studies showed that the function of this gland is closely related with light sources and vision perception system because of the presence of the sympathetic nervous system that regulate the hormone production of this gland. It had been found that the animals placed in the dark area produced more hormones, while the pineal gland of the animal that was exposed to light environment produced much less hormone. This information implies that light affects pineal gland function of a certain animal.
Pineal gland of human in located between the left and right cerebrum. It functions to produce melatonin that function to inhibit the growth and development of genital organs from overgrowth before the adolescence age. Therefore, if this gland fails to function normally, it may produce too much melatonin that may delay the entering of adolescence. A study case in a brain tumor boy with damaged pineal gland showed an early entering of adolescence age.
9.2.2 Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland is an endocrine gland located near and protruded from hypothalamus. Pituitary gland is composed of three components, the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), the intermediate lobe, and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Because the anterior pituitary gland and the intermediate lobe are developed from the same tissue during embryonic development, it may be said that they are same gland, which are true endocrine glands. However, the posterior pituitary is part of a neuron that cannot produce hormone by itself. Indeed, it is the collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that have nerve endings of neurosecretory cells behind the anterior pituitary. Neurosecretory cell releases the hormone produced from hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Moreover, hypothalamus is the place where the production and release of hormones that regulate the stimulation or inhibition of anterior pituitary gland is located.
Pituitary gland, although is only 1 to 1.5 cm in size, affect several functions of human body. We will go through these important functions in the next section.
Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several types of hormones. Most of these functions are regulated by neuronal hormones from hypothalamus.
Growth hormone (GH) (also known as somatotrophin or somatotrophic hormone (STH)) has important function in regulating general growth of human body. However, overproduction of this hormone in children results in the gigantism. Shortage of this hormone in children also resulted in dwarfism (figure 9-8 A.).
Some person may produce too much GH after they reach the adulthood. This case will not affect body size much, but some bone organs such as arms, legs, chin, jaws, and cheek bones are still be able to respond to GH. This results in the abnormality of bones around face and fingers, a condition known as acromegaly
An adult with the shortage of GH does not show prominent change in physiological characteristics. However, the patient may experience low level blood sugar content that may reduce tolerance to stress or emotional pressure. Severe pressure may result in the damage of the brain due to lack of nutrition, although the severity also depends on other hormones that regulate blood sugar content.
Gonadotrophin (Gn) composes of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In male, FSH stimulates the growth of testes and the spermatogenesis of seminiferous tubules while LH stimulate interstitial cell or Leydig cell (located between seminiferous tubules in testes) to produce male sex hormone testosterone
In female, FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary. During the ovum development, follicle cell produces the primary female sex hormone estrogen. LH stimulates ovulation process and the formation of corpus luteum. After ovulation, corpus luteum produces progesterone hormone that cooperate the estrogen in preparing the ovary and uterus for the implantation of embryo.
Prolactin (PRL) stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk for the newborn babies.
Adrenocorticotrophin or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) regulates normal functions of the adrenal cortex.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates normal functions of thyroid gland.
Endorphin acts similarly to morphine (implied by the name “endogenous morphine”) and is produced from anterior pituitary gland and some other tissues. Endorphin functions to ease or kill the pain and is believed to stimulate creative imagination and happiness. This substance is generated when a person is exercising or being in happiness. Hence, endorphin is sometimes known as the happiness hormone.
Hormones from posterior pituitary gland
We now know that posterior pituitary gland contains a lot of protrusion of neurosecretory axons from hypothalamus. These cells produce neuronal hormones and release them at posterior pituitary gland before they are sent to other parts of the body via bloodstream. These neuronal hormones are:
Vasopressin or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is a peptide hormone functions to regulate water reabsorption in the collecting ducts in the nephrons of kidney. ADH also stimulates the constriction of artery. What will happen if our body lacks ADH?
Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterine smooth muscle. It is a hormone that the doctor usually gives to aid the childbirth process for the mother with low-level oxytocin. Oxytocin also stimulate the contraction of myoepithelial cells that facilitate the secretion of milk for the newborn child.
I am a scientist working in the field of biofuel development under the Ministry of Energy of Thailand.
I have graduated Master of Science (Interdisciplinary Ecology) from the University of Florida under the support of the Royal Thai Government Scholarship.
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