Defintion term "subsidy"
(1) kontroliranje i delenje rizika i koristi/nagrada povezanih s ekonomskim aktivnostima
(2) (rizična) usluga pružena od vlade/koju vlada pruža ili (rizična) vladina usluga
(3) vladina politika koja koristi određenim sektorima ekonomije

DEFINTION:
An operational definition of subsidies needs to reflect this feature: subsidies are government-provided goods or services, including risk-bearing, that would otherwise have to be purchased in the market. Subsidies can also be in the form of special exemptions from standard required payments (e.g., tax breaks).

… When these subsidies reduce the prices of natural resources or natural resource intensive products, they encourage additional pollution and habitat destruction.

Subsidy Primer
Intervention and Subsidy Basics
Government interventions encompass a wide range of regulatory, fiscal, tax, indemnification, and legal actions that modify the rights and responsibilities of various parties in society. Click here to view Common Forms of Government Interventions in Energy Markets. Interventions can increase or decrease costs to particular groups, effectively acting either as a subsidy or as a tax. Some of these policies increase societal welfare. Too often, however, government interventions end up subsidizing powerful groups in society, sometimes making societal imbalances worse.

Most people think of programs such as welfare when the term "subsidy" is used. This image is unfortunate, since many of the most valuable subsidies do not involve cash transfers at all; and flow at least as often to corporations as they do to individuals. This section provides a more holistic presentation of how governments support particular sectors of their society.

Understanding Subsidies
• Subsidies represent government policies that benefit particular sectors of the economy. Government subsidies are common in most countries and benefit many industries. When these subsidies reduce the prices of natural resources or natural resource intensive products, they encourage additional pollution and habitat destruction. They can also create large opportunity costs, an economic term recognizing that money used for program "A" is no longer available for program "B", even though the second option might have helped more people or built a stronger long-term economy. An overview of subsidy basics will make the more detailed information easier to understand.

• Subsidies are not just cash. One of the most unfortunate misconceptions about subsidies is that they are simply cash. In reality, a great deal of market activity involves controlling and sharing the risks and rewards of economic activities. While bearing less risk or getting a larger share of the rewards can greatly improve the economic returns to a private entity, the subsidies themselves may take the form of shifting how risks or rewards are allocated, rather than changing payments to industries directly. An operational definition of subsidies needs to reflect this feature: subsidies are government-provided goods or services, including risk-bearing, that would otherwise have to be purchased in the market. Subsidies can also be in the form of special exemptions from standard required payments (e.g., tax breaks).

• Defining the baseline. Subsidies must often be measured against some baseline. What would taxes owed have been in the absence of this special tax break? How much would industry have had to pay in interest to build that new facility if the government had not guaranteed the loan? This is quite important, as subsidy recipients often argue that it is not a subsidy if the government simply lets them keep more of their money (by reducing their taxes). In reality, of course, unless taxes go down for everybody, reductions in one sector do force others to pay more. Our baseline assumes standard corporate tax rates and no special agency programs to finance or absorb market risks for particular energy-related endeavors.

Subsidy targeting. One issue related to defining a baseline is that of narrowly targeted subsidies versus more broadly targeted programs that benefit one form of energy as well as some other industries. Industry representatives inevitably conclude that only subsidies directly targeted at the a particular fuel should count as benefits to producers or consumers of that fuel. In fact, many other subsidies tilt the energy playing field towards a particular fuel even if other fuels or non-energy industries also benefit. It is useful to consider a handful of common subsidy targeting approaches:
http://www.earthtrack.net/subsidy-primer

Rečnik ekologije i zaštite životne sredine, grupa autora:
Subsidy: subvencija, dotacija, novčana pomoć, novčana potpora
energy subsidies: energetske dopune (dopunski prirodni izvori energije - energije vetra, strujanja, itd.)

http://mytilus.science.oregonstate.edu/BAM.html
At multiple sites along the variable northern California Current, we link field experiments testing interaction strengths to oceanic drivers by quantifying ecological subsidies (phytoplankton and particulates, nutrients, recruits) and physical conditions (temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, upwelling).

subsidies (pl.) može imati potpuno drugačije značenje od subsidy (sing.).