Crime and the Fascist State, 1850–1940books.google.com.jm › books
Prins made similar remarks on the correctional ethos of indeterminate sentences in the EUA, ... against their position and the issue remained, once more, unsolved.79 History repeated itself in the ... In this regard, the International Penitentiary Congress of Paris, in 1895, can also be viewed as a decisive turning point in the ...
https://books.google.com.jm/books?id=DIJECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lp...
(Page 34: speaks to th e"International Penitentiary Congress of Paris in 1895" and addresses "habitual delinquents", and "habitual criminals" recidivism (see pages 34 and 35).

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Note added at 1 hr (2020-05-25 18:26:06 GMT)
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https://books.google.com.jm/books?id=215-OQtLnfsC&pg=PA51&lp... (see page 51).

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Note added at 1 hr (2020-05-25 18:34:42 GMT)
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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volum...
The result was the holding of an international congress in London in 1872, and its organization upon a permanent basis, with Dr. Wines as president of the permanent commission. The second congress was held in Stockholm in 1878, the third in Rome in 1885, the fourth in St. Petersburg in 1890, and the fifth in Paris in 1895.

One of the things which distinguished the Paris congress from its predecessors was the greater emphasis laid upon preventive work and the establishment of a special department for the discussion of all questions relating to children and minors.


... the city of Paris, and a series of complimentary banquets tested the digestive capacity of the delegates to the utmost.

The session of the congress extended over ten days. It was divided into four sections. The first related to penal legislation, the second to prison administration, the third to preventive means, and the fourth to juvenile offenders.

In the case of irresponsible delinquents and those who commit crimes under temporary aberration, the congress expressed the view that special asylums or quarters should be provided for them, that they should be committed by judicial authority, and only released upon the concurrence of a threefold authority namely, the authority of the court, that of the administration of the institution, and of its medical council.

Under the head of "Preventive Means" were considered those influences not only which would keep men out of prison, but those which would tend to prevent them from becoming habitual criminals. The whole treatment of the subject of discharged convicts received serious consideration.


No discussions were more earnest than those which related to juvenile offenders. The presence of women of experience in this and every other section of the congress was warmly encouraged, and they were gallantly welcomed by M. Pols, vice-president of the commission, who frankly said that the solution of these questions could not advance without the co-operation of women. The multiplied aspects of vagabondage and mendicity, the subject of prostitution and the measures to be taken to break up the systematic trade carried on between various countries through the decoy of young girls, the establishment and regulation of houses of correction, the need of appropriate physical as well as mental education, the relation of parental responsibility and the question of farm school and agricultural colonies, the placing out of children in families, and the supervision of children thus placed were discussed as important phases of child-saving work. It is not a criticism of the congress of 1895 to say that it opened more questions than it decided.