hfp (asker) Jun 20, 2008:

I'm leaning towards derecho de acceso for entitlement.

hfp (asker) Jun 18, 2008:

Siento haberme demorado tanto, pero ninguna de las respuestas sugeridas me parece perfecta.

hfp (asker) Jun 15, 2008:

Les agradezco la ayuda, pero sigo sin estar convencido.

hfp (asker) Jun 13, 2008:

Any ideas? :-)

hfp (asker) Jun 13, 2008:

Trade-based entitlement
‘Trade-based entitlement’ describes the ability to convert income or assets into food through purchase or exchange. In rural areas, farmers and pastoralists already face falling terms of trade during climate-triggered food crises when they convert their assets (such as livestock) into food – excess supplies of assets on local markets drives asset prices down, while excess demand for food pushes food prices up, until the poor are priced out of the market for food and face starvation. Urban residents and others who do not grow their own food are likely to feel the effects of climate change indirectly, through rising prices in places where food availability is falling or more unstable. To some extent, the relative affluence and political influence of urban consumers, plus increasingly interconnected global markets, might insulate urban residents against negative shocks and processes affecting food production even within their own country: food can always be imported. It is notable that even during major famines, cities are rarely affected. Here again, the entitlement approach highlights the importance of an analysis disaggregated both geographically (within as well as between countries) and by livelihood system.

Transfer-based entitlement
The final legal source of food is ‘transfer-based entitlement’, which describes all gifts or donations (including food aid) from others. Informal transfers are provided by extended families and communities (‘informal social security systems’, patronage networks, the ‘moral economy’), but are vulnerable to covariate shocks. If climate change undermines agricultural production in a farming community, the capacity of local residents to support each other will be compromised and the scale of informal transfers can be expected to contract. Formal transfers are provided by governments and donors, and range from humanitarian relief during emergencies to institutionalised social welfare systems that deliver regular cash transfers to ‘vulnerable groups’ (such as pensioners). A ‘best bet’ prediction is that climate change will place increased demands on the international relief system to fill domestic food gaps with emergency food aid, as well as increasing the caseload of chronically food insecure people who need longer term social assistance, in the form of regular food aid or cash-based safety nets. Given the likelihood that food production will be undermined most in countries that are already poor and food insecure, this scenario implies a declining capacity of governments in the worst affected countries to deliver food security for their citizens, and an increasing role for the international community in underwriting food security in these countries.

hfp (asker) Jun 13, 2008:

More contexto Production-based entitlement
The projected impacts of climate change at the aggregate (global and regional) level have been discussed. The entitlement approach operates best at the micro-level of households or livelihood groups (e.g. farmers, landless labourers). An entitlements-based analysis of climate change would take account of differences in dependence on food production by different groups of households. For instance, farmers are most directly vulnerable to ‘failure of production-based entitlement’ due to climate change, because they depend most heavily on crop production for both their food and their income. Poor farmers with undiversified livelihoods and few asset buffers are most vulnerable of all, because they lack alternative sources of food when their harvests fail.

Labour-based entitlement
When crop production is inadequate, farmers look for work to supplement their food and income, and the rural non-farm economy becomes an important determinant of household food security, through its capacity to generate ‘labour-based entitlement’ to food. Apart from farmers, other groups that depend indirectly on agriculture for their living are also vulnerable to a collapse of demand for their services – such as landless labourers. (Sen labelled this effect ‘derived destitution’.) One plausible consequence of climate change is that pressure on rural labour markets will increase, and if the supply of labour rises while demand for labour is constant or falling, real wages will fall, exacerbating food insecurity in poor rural communities. Another ‘second round’ consequence of climate change could be an increase in labour migration out of areas where food production is more variable and employment opportunities are falling, with unpredictable implications for household food security that require detailed context-specific analysis and modelling.