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- Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
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- Hard water is water contaminated with compounds of calcium and magnesium. Dissolved iron, manganese, and strontium compounds can also contribute to the "total hardness" of the water, which is usually expressed as ppm CaCO3. Water with a hardness over 80 ppm CaCO3 is often treated with water softeners, since hard water produces scale in hot water pipes and boilers and lowers the effectiveness of detergents. antoine.frostburg.edu
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- Some laundry detergents do not produce as many suds in hard water, these are likely to be soap-based products and do not work as well in hard-water as detergent based products. - water-treatment.org.uk
- Hard water also contributes to inefficient and costly operation of water-using appliances. Heated hard water forms a scale of calcium and magnesium minerals that can contribute to the inefficient operation or failure of water-using appliances. - Wilkes University
- Clothes washed in hard water often look dingy and feel harsh and scratchy. - sciLinks
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- Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
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- Apa dură: Conţine ioni de magneziu si calciu. Dacă acesta are mult carbonat de calciu nu face spumă cu săpunul. Apa dură poate deveni apă de băut prin eliminarea ionilor de magneziu si calciu şi înlocuirea lor cu sodiu. Duritatea apei poate fi temporară sau permanentă.
- Enciclopedie-RO by Mihaela Petrican
- Apa dură poate duce la îngreunarea multor activităţi casnice, inclusiv spălarea rufelor, detergenţii pentru rufe fără fosfaţi s-ar putea să nu înălbească aşa cum ne-am dori, sau murdăria poate să fie, în mod particular, foarte pregnantă. - Web article by Mihaela Petrican
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