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- Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
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- Vodu, ktorá obsahuje väčšie množstvo rozpustených solí vápnika a horčíka, nazývame tvrdá voda. www.infovek.sk - by Maria Chmelarova
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- Podľa obsahu aniónov kyselín rozlišujeme prechodnú (uhličitanovú) a trvalú tvrdosť vody, ktorú spôsobujú najmä sírany.
- www.infovek.sk
 by Maria Chmelarova - Tvrdá voda zvyčajne chutí lepšie ako mäkká voda. Rozpustené látky v tvrdej vode pomáhajú produkovať tvrdé zuby a kosti, vďaka prítomnosti uhličitanu a fosforečnanu vápenatého. - www.infovek.sk by Maria Chmelarova
- Nežiaduci prejav tvrdej vody je; tvorba vodného kameňa vo varných nádobách, teplovodných trubkách, ohrievačoch vody a kotloch, vyššia spotreba pracích prostriedkov. - www.mkw.sk by Maria Chmelarova
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- Nước cứng là loại nước tự nhiên chứa trên ba mili đương lượng gam cation canxi (Ca2+) và magie (Mg2+) trong một lít. Nước chứa nhiều Mg2+ có vị đắng. Tổng hàm lượng ion Ca2+ và Mg2+ đặc trưng cho tính chất cứng của nước. Ngày nay, người ta còn tính cả ion Fe2+ và Na+ vào độ cứng. Độ cứng của nước thiên nhiên dao động rất nhiều và đặc trưng lớn ở nước ngầm. Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia - by Ba Nguyen Thi Thu
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- Hard water is water contaminated with compounds of calcium and magnesium. Dissolved iron, manganese, and strontium compounds can also contribute to the "total hardness" of the water, which is usually expressed as ppm CaCO3. Water with a hardness over 80 ppm CaCO3 is often treated with water softeners, since hard water produces scale in hot water pipes and boilers and lowers the effectiveness of detergents. antoine.frostburg.edu
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- Some laundry detergents do not produce as many suds in hard water, these are likely to be soap-based products and do not work as well in hard-water as detergent based products. - water-treatment.org.uk
- Hard water also contributes to inefficient and costly operation of water-using appliances. Heated hard water forms a scale of calcium and magnesium minerals that can contribute to the inefficient operation or failure of water-using appliances. - Wilkes University
- Clothes washed in hard water often look dingy and feel harsh and scratchy. - sciLinks
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- A vizet akkor nevezik keménynek, ha sok benne a kalcium- és a magnéziumion. Mértékegysége a német keménységi fok: 1 nkº 10 mg/l kalcium-oxiddal egyenértékű kalciumnak vagy magnéziumnak felel meg. Keménysége alapján az ivóvizet négy kategóriába sorolják: nagyon lágy, lágy, közép-kemény és kemény víz. Magyar Virtuális Enciklopédia - by Lingua.Franca
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- A víz keménységét német keménységi fokban (nkº) is kifejezhetjük. Egy német keménységi fok 10 milligramm/liter kálciumoxiddal egyenértékű kalcium és/vagy magnéziumionnak felel meg. - Hajdúszoboszlói Közüzemi Kft. by Lingua.Franca
- A víz keménységét a benne oldott kalcium- és magnéziumsók mennyisége határozza meg. Az ún. változó keménységet a kalcium- és magnézium-hidrogén-karbonát (Ca(HCO3)2 és Mg(HCO3)2) tartalom adja. - Osmosis Kft. by Lingua.Franca
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- Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
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- Tvrda voda je uzrokovana prisustvom otopljenih soli kalcija i magnezija (nekada i željeza). Prolazna (privremena) tvrdoća potiče od kalcija i hidrogenkarbonata i uklanja se kuhanjem.Stalna tvrdoća se odnosi na sulfate i kloride kalcija i magnezija. Wikipedia - by vladowsky
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- Vode s mineralnih i termalnih izvora obiluju kalcijem i magnezijem i uvijek imaju visoki stupanj tvrdoće. Kada govorimo o konzumnoj vodi, problem se ne zove TVRDA VODA nego KAMENAC koji se javlja kao posljedica transporta kroz vodovodne instalacije i promjene pritiska i temperature tijekom njezina iskorištavanja. Omekšana voda potrebna je u mnogim proizvodnim procesima ali nije pogodna za ljudsko zdravlje. - Agromarketing by vladowsky
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- Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
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- Woda twarda – woda zawierająca znaczne stężenie soli różnych metali, a zwłaszcza wapnia i magnezu, np. chlorków, siarczanów (VI), wodorowęglanów wapnia i magnezu. Podczas gotowania wody twardej powstaje tzw. kamień kotłowy, tj. nierozpuszczalny osad węglanu wapnia lub magnezu. Taka woda może powodować różne usterki na urządzeniach elektrycznych np. pralce, czajniku elektrycznym. wikipedia - by Igoraczi
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