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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to Indonesian: Global Impact of Great Depression 1929-1939
Source text - English PREFACE
Global history is getting a great deal of attention at present. In contrast with the old concepts of universal history and world history which devote a great deal of attention to the origin of civilisations and the transmission of cultural traditions, this new concept encompasses the history of human interaction which at present manifests itself in a highly complex world system. But global history is not limited to the most recent past. It attempts to integrate all fields of historical and anthropological research which contribute to an understanding of the dynamics of human interaction. It transcends national history but it does not neglect the nation state as a unit of international cooperation and conflict.
The Great Depression was an alarming phenomenon of the breakdown of cooperation among nation states which then led to global conflict. While most studies have concentrated on the advanced industrial countries of the world which produced the depression and were also considered to be its major victims, its global impact has hardly attracted any attention. Global historiography is still in its infancy, but this little book may serve as a contribution to this new venture.
The awareness of the global impact of the Great Depression dawned upon me when I was working on the history of agrarian relations in India. I was amazed at the problems faced by the Indian peasantry in the 1930s and found out that there were parallels elsewhere. Turning to Charles Kindleberger’s masterly survey The World in Depression I found hardly a trace of these problems in his account. In 1978 I sent the first paper which I had produced on ‘India in the Great Depression’ to him. He kindly replied that he knew next to nothing about Asia and encouraged me to go ahead with my work. I was puzzled by the general neglect
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of this subject in the relevant literature and made some of my German colleagues ‘depression minded’; they then designed some research projects and guided PhD students in this direction. We also published a volume of (German) essays in 1982 on the periphery (Africa, Asia, Latin America) in the Great Depression.
In the meantime I did further research and completed a monograph on ‘India in the Great Depression, 1929-1939’ which was published in 1992. While doing this I also collected more information on other countries as I did not want to present India as an isolated case. I devoted several lecture courses at Heidelberg University to this subject which finally added up to a small German textbook, published in 1993. This I showed to my publisher in London and by good fortune the text was sent to Professor Sidney Pollard for evaluation. I benefited from his constructive criticism and have tried to follow his suggestions in rewriting the text for the English edition. I must, of course, add the usual disclaimer: any errors or heretical views still to be found in the text should be attributed to me alone.
Writing such a ‘global’ text is no easy task. My main aim was to put those countries on the map which have so far been neglected with regard to the study of the impact of the Great Depression. But as the depression originated in the industrial countries of the West, I had to take those countries into account, too. This I tried to do as briefly as possible so as not to duplicate Charles Kindleberger’s work. I start with an introduction entitled ‘Economics and the Depression’ in which I also refer to the blind spot in economic thought which has so far precluded the kind of study which I am presenting here. Then follows a chapter on the tragedy of the international gold standard which begins with the ‘Golden Age’ of the time before the First World War and then describes the consequences of the return to the gold standard after the war. The subsequent chapter concerns the dilemma of war debts and reparations which further complicated international financial relations. The fourth chapter is devoted to agricultural production, because the overproduction of wheat greatly strained the international credit system and finally contributed to its breakdown. The prices of other crops were then affected by this fall in prices although the relations of supply and demand for them were stable and some of them did not even enter the international market. Since most of the second part of the book deals with the fate of the peasantry in the countries belonging to the periphery of the world
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economy, this chapter on agrarian production is of crucial importance.
Translation - Indonesian PRAKATA
Sejarah global sedang mendapat perhatian besar di masa kini. Berbeda dengan konsep-konsep lama sejarah universal dan sejarah dunia yang sangat memperhatikan asal muasal peradaban dan penyebaran tradisi-tradisi budaya, konsep baru ini meliputi sejarah interaksi manusia yang pada masa kini mewujud di dalam suatu sistem dunia yang sangat kompleks. Tetapi sejarah global tidak terbatas pada masa silam yang paling belakangan. Sejarah global berusaha memadukan semua bidang penelitian historis dan antropologis yang menyumbangkan pengertian akan dinamika interaksi manusia. Ia melampaui sejarah nasional tetapi tidak mengabaikan negara bangsa sebagai suatu unit kerja sama dan konflik internasional.
Depresi Besar adalah suatu fenomena menggegerkan macetnya kerja sama di kalangan negara-negara bangsa yang kemudian menimbulkan konflik global. Sementara sebagian besar kajian memusatkan perhatian kepada negara-negara industri maju dunia yang menghasilkan depresi dan yang juga dianggap sebagai korban utamanya, dampak global depresi hampir tidak menarik perhatian. Historiografi global masih pada tahap bayi, tetapi semoga buku kecil ini memberi sumbangan untuk upaya yang baru ini.
Kesadaran dampak global Depresi Besar timbul padaku saat menggarap sejarah relasi-relasi pertanian di India. Saya sangat heran dengan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi kaum tani India pada 1930-an dan mendapati persamaan-persamaannya di tempat lain. Berpaling kepada survei yang sangat bagus karya Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, saya hampir tidak menemukan jejak masalah-masalah ini di dalam laporannya. Pada 1978 saya mengirim kepadanya makalah pertama yang saya buat mengenai ‘India di dalam Depresi Besar’. Dia menjawab dengan baik bahwa dia hampir tidak tahu apa-apa tentang Asia dan mendorong saya untuk meneruskan usaha saya. Saya heran dengan pengabaian umum atas topik ini di dalam literatur yang relevan dan membuat beberapa kolega Jerman saya ‘gandrung-depresi’; lalu mereka merancang beberapa proyek-proyek riset dan menuntun para mahasiswa PhD ke arah ini. Kami juga menerbitkan suatu volume esai-esai (Jerman) pada 1982 mengenai wilayah pinggiran (Afrika, Asia, Amerika Latin) pada masa Depresi Besar.
Dalam pada itu saya melakukan riset lanjutan dan merampungkan suatu monografi mengenai ‘India pada masa Depresi Besar, 1929-1939’ yang diterbitkan pada 1992. Sambil mengerjakan hal ini saya juga mengumpulkan lebih banyak informasi mengenai negeri-negeri lain karena saya tidak ingin menyajikan India sebagai suatu kasus tersendiri. Saya melaksanakan serangkaian kuliah di Universitas Heidelberg mengenai topik ini yang akhirnya ditambahkan kepada suatu buku pelajaran kecil berbahasa Jerman, diterbitkan pada 1993. Buku ini saya tunjukkan kepada penerbit saya di London dan karena nasib baik teks itu dikirim kepada Profesor Sidney Pollard untuk penilaian. Saya diuntungkan oleh kritiknya yang membangun dan mencoba mengikuti saran-sarannya dalam menulis kembali teks itu untuk edisi berbahasa Inggris. Tentu saja saya harus menambahkan sangkalan yang lazim: setiap kesalahan atau pandangan-pandangan bid’ahiah yang masih ditemukan di dalam teks tetap harus dikembalikan kepada saya sendiri.
Menulis teks ‘global’ seperti itu bukan hal yang mudah. Tujuan utama saya adalah menaruh negeri-negeri itu di atas peta yang sejauh ini terabaikan dalam kajian dampak Depresi Besar. Tetapi karena depresi itu berasal dari negeri-negeri industri Barat, saya juga harus memperhitungkan negeri-negeri itu. Saya mencoba menggarap topik ini seringkas mungkin agar tidak menyalin kembali karya Charles Kindleberger. Saya awali dengan pengantar yang berjudul ‘Ekonomi dan Depresi’ di sini saya juga menunjukkan kelemahan di dalam pemikiran ekonomi yang sejauh ini telah menghindarkan jenis kajian yang sedang saya sajikan di sini. Lalu menyusul suatu bab mengenai tragedi standar emas internasional yang bermula dengan “Masa Emas” dari masa sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama dan kemudian memaparkan akibat-akibat gerak kembali kepada standar emas sesudah perang. Bab selanjutnya membahas dilemma utang-utang perang dan pampasan yang memperumit lebih lanjut relasi-relasi keuangan internasional. Bab keempat difokuskan untuk produksi pertanian, karena produksi gandum yang berlebihan membuat sistem kredit internasional sangat tegang dan akhirnya berperan dalam memacetkannya. Harga-harga tanaman lainnya pada waktu itu dipengaruhi oleh anjloknya harga ini meskipun relasi-relasi persediaan dan permintaan untuk mereka stabil dan sebagian darinya bahkan tidak memasuki pasar internasional. Karena sebagian besar bagian kedua buku ini membahas nasib kaum tani di negeri-negeri yang tergolong pinggiran ekonomi dunia, bab mengenai produksi pertanian ini sangat penting.
I am Saut Pasaribu, live in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. I have begun translating since 1998 until today. 35 of 50 my works have been published, with subjects comprised of philopsophy, theology, mysticism, literature, religion, history, self learning, medicine, science and politics.
My goal is to spread knowledge and science from English literatures to Bahasa Indonesia. Because I believe knowledge is the way to peaceful life.
My principle in translating is readability and clarity.
Keywords: bahasa, indonesia, philosophy, thelogy, science, politics
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