but in case he specializes on vessels or something else, I would say
Dr. R, MD, vascular surgeon

The translation you need here depends on the context ... which was not provided. Generally to help your colleagues give you the best suggestions, you need to tell us what type of document this comes from, provide the complete sentence where the term is found; sometimes including the previous and following sentences is also helpful. Based on this very limited information, it's hard to know what would be appropriate.

I've seen "Physician and Surgeon" when a doctor's name and formal title are being shown. This doesn't necessarily mean that the physician is really a surgeon; it's just standard terminology used on a doctor's certificate.

Here is just one example from the University of Southern California (see link below for the whole web page):

Valerie Bengal, MD
Physician and Surgeon
American Board of Family Medicine

Please provide complete context for your questions.

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Note added at 16 hrs (2015-08-27 05:36:32 GMT)
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Definition of Physician and Surgeon from a state government web site (this is a U.S site):

"A Physician and Surgeon is a person who has earned the degree of M.D. (Doctor of Medicine). Physicians and Surgeons are qualified in the diagnosis or treatment of diseases, ailments, pain, deformity, or any physical or mental condition or injury of human beings. They can prescribe and furnish medicine for these conditions, or treat the conditions with surgery."

So I would say that which answer you use (M.D. or Physician and Surgeon) will depend on your document and where the phrase is used in the text. If it's a list of doctors and their credentials, Physician and Surgeon may be appropriate:

R. Rossi, M.D.
Physician and Surgeon

and so would this:

R. Rossi, MD

As I mentioned ... context: we would have to know what else is on this page.