Glossary entry (derived from question below)
English term or phrase:
affect vs. effect
English answer:
"Affect" is a verb, "effect" is a noun
Added to glossary by
Will Matter
May 7, 2005 17:05
19 yrs ago
12 viewers *
English term
affect vs. effect
English
Social Sciences
Linguistics
In the English-Russian pair we are having a very pleasant and peaceful catfight over the connotation. I insist that in real life "affect" is used primarily on the negative side or, as a minimum, implies "turning things upside down", unusual or unexpectedly strong reaction, emotional or otherwise, and should not be used for describing a strictly positive impact. In other words, affect has a "minus sign" next to it by definition, especially when we are talking politics, science, economy, technical etc. Whereas "effect", which can be used both negatively and positively, would be better for "neutral or positive" and requires more context to grasp the connotation. I have opponents:-).
What do you think? Thank you!
What do you think? Thank you!
Responses
5 +5 | "Affect" is a verb, "effect" is a noun | Will Matter |
4 +9 | NOT FOR GRADING | RHELLER |
5 +4 | affect | claudia bagnardi |
5 | Variations exist. | Java Cafe |
4 | I agree that affect has a negative connotation | Robert Donahue (X) |
Responses
+5
2 mins
Selected
"Affect" is a verb, "effect" is a noun
Actually is very clear.
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Note added at 2005-05-07 17:15:19 (GMT)
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Actually, they are separate words and they are used differently, it\'s not just a question of \"connotation\". For example, you can say \"His actions affected me\" , this describes what happened and the verb that is used is \"affect\". The result of the action is the \"effect\", it\'s a noun that describes the result of someones\' actions. For example, you could say \"The effect of his actions was negative\". Two different words, with different meanings and usage that aren\'t interchangeable. HTH.
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Note added at 2005-05-07 17:25:58 (GMT)
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Yeah, yeah, \"effect\" can also be a verb but the primary and basic meaning for both is clearly illustrated by the following somewhat stilted usage: The effects of his actions were negative, they affected me badly and really shook me up.\"
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Note added at 2005-05-07 17:55:33 (GMT)
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\"Effects\" can be positive OR negative. Someone or something can \"affect\" someone or something either positively OR negatively. I agree that, in English, many times \"affect\" seems to have a negative meaning, a good example would be \" His stupidity and insensitivity really affected me\'\" but not always. You can ALSO say \"Her charity and kindness really affected the children\" (positive meaning). You could also say \"The effect of her actions on the children were incredibly helpful.\" Once again, the main and primary meaning for both is: Effect = result or consequence of actions and Affect = how the results were produced, it\'s the verb used to describe the process.
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Note added at 2005-05-07 17:15:19 (GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Actually, they are separate words and they are used differently, it\'s not just a question of \"connotation\". For example, you can say \"His actions affected me\" , this describes what happened and the verb that is used is \"affect\". The result of the action is the \"effect\", it\'s a noun that describes the result of someones\' actions. For example, you could say \"The effect of his actions was negative\". Two different words, with different meanings and usage that aren\'t interchangeable. HTH.
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Note added at 2005-05-07 17:25:58 (GMT)
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Yeah, yeah, \"effect\" can also be a verb but the primary and basic meaning for both is clearly illustrated by the following somewhat stilted usage: The effects of his actions were negative, they affected me badly and really shook me up.\"
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Note added at 2005-05-07 17:55:33 (GMT)
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\"Effects\" can be positive OR negative. Someone or something can \"affect\" someone or something either positively OR negatively. I agree that, in English, many times \"affect\" seems to have a negative meaning, a good example would be \" His stupidity and insensitivity really affected me\'\" but not always. You can ALSO say \"Her charity and kindness really affected the children\" (positive meaning). You could also say \"The effect of her actions on the children were incredibly helpful.\" Once again, the main and primary meaning for both is: Effect = result or consequence of actions and Affect = how the results were produced, it\'s the verb used to describe the process.
Peer comment(s):
agree |
Tony M
: Yes, indeed. The noun 'affect' does also exist, but is very rare... And of course, there is also a verb, 'to effect', but it has a quite different meaning...
3 mins
|
I agree that 'affect' is also an archaic noun (pleasant affect) but think that here asker is asking about the difference between "affect" & "effect" that many people tend to get mixed up about.
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disagree |
Monica Colangelo
: to effect means "to make" as in "payment was effected"
3 mins
|
True, but that's a secondary meaning. In this case, asker is asking about the primary meanings & the common mistake of using one in place of the other that even educated native speakers make. Your definition doesn't apply in this context.
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agree |
Robert Donahue (X)
: This is a big fat can o' worms, but I agree with your reasoning. "This will have a negative EFFECT on blah, blah, blah.." "This will negatively affect blah, blah, blah..."
24 mins
|
Thanks again, you're a droog ;)
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agree |
Arcoiris
: your examples clearly illustrate the difference between the two words. They just happen to sound so similar that, as you point out, even educated native speakers sometimes mistake them.
27 mins
|
Thank you very much.
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disagree |
Refugio
: It is incorrect to imply that effect is only a noun, and to imply that it connotes negativity. // I disagreed with your original entry. Your amendments turn it around 180 degrees. Don't take it personally. The answer needed fixing.
41 mins
|
That's because I posted the most essential part first and later clarified and expanded it. My students make this mistake ALL the time and it's really not very complicated.
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agree |
RHELLER
: thank goodness for Will who knows his grammar backwards and forwards :-) if connotation was built-in, why would people say adversely or negatively?
1 hr
|
Merci beaucoup, mon cheri, you lovely person. The thing that gets me is that i'm a multilingual, highly educated (3 degrees) native speaker who teaches English for a LIVING & I still have people "nitpick" at me over trivial & inconsequential stuff. Che.
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agree |
rangepost
3 hrs
|
Thanks.
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agree |
Rania KH
5 hrs
|
Shukran. Welcome to ProZ!
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agree |
Alfa Trans (X)
1 day 3 mins
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Thanks!
|
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
Comment: "Well, I slept on it:-). First, I must apologize for the improper and unclear way of putting my question. Dusty at. al. were right - I should have dropped the effect entirely and concentrate on the actual common usage of affect spelled correctly, which appears to contradict strict grammar rules on more than one occasion. It was very late, I'm in Russia at the moment. In that regard Robert was the one to get through and focus on the point right away. Thanks, Rob! However, with the question as it was no doubt re. the winner ((s), in fact), but I only have 4 points to grant. Thank you very much, Willmatter!
Dear all, thanx again."
+4
7 mins
affect
is to produce either a negative or a positive EFFECT.
To Effect (used as a verb) is generally found in expressions such as to effect payment.
My two cents.
Claudia
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 16 mins (2005-05-07 17:22:18 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
As a verb, to affect means \"to act upon or have an influence on\": \"Sunless days affect my mood.\" It can also mean \"to make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume\"; as, \"to affect ignorance.\" To effect means \"to bring about or create\"; as, \"to effect a change.\" If you affect something, you do to it. If you effect something, you cause it to be. Advertising might affect the sales of widgets (by causing them to increase), or it can effect sales (bring them about) if, for example, there were no sales at all to begin with.
As a noun, effect means \"result, consequence, outcome.\" An effect is that which is produced when you affect something: \"The poem affected me deeply; it really had an effect on me.\" Affect as a noun is a term from the field of psychotherapy meaning \"the emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state.\" If you are not a psychiatrist or social scientist, you will likely have little use for it.
affect positively those around us. In this session discover ...
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--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 17 mins (2005-05-07 17:23:45 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
The above description of affect and effect is found in this link:
dictionary.reference.com/ help/faq/language/a/affecteffect.html
To Effect (used as a verb) is generally found in expressions such as to effect payment.
My two cents.
Claudia
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 16 mins (2005-05-07 17:22:18 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
As a verb, to affect means \"to act upon or have an influence on\": \"Sunless days affect my mood.\" It can also mean \"to make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume\"; as, \"to affect ignorance.\" To effect means \"to bring about or create\"; as, \"to effect a change.\" If you affect something, you do to it. If you effect something, you cause it to be. Advertising might affect the sales of widgets (by causing them to increase), or it can effect sales (bring them about) if, for example, there were no sales at all to begin with.
As a noun, effect means \"result, consequence, outcome.\" An effect is that which is produced when you affect something: \"The poem affected me deeply; it really had an effect on me.\" Affect as a noun is a term from the field of psychotherapy meaning \"the emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state.\" If you are not a psychiatrist or social scientist, you will likely have little use for it.
affect positively those around us. In this session discover ...
www.voicesofexp.ca/SpeakersPages/AudreyPihulyk.html - 38k - Cached - Similar pages
How to sweep the karma of a building
... The same way in which karma can affect positively or negatively our ...
it will not only affect positively our daily lives but at the same time it will ...
www.fengshuicrazy.com/misc-feng-shui-topics/ how-to-sweep-the-karma-of-a-building.php - 24k - Cached - Similar pages
Crystal Healing Gems
... realize how body and mind are changed though his good and bad actions, and
how his actions affect - positively or negatively - the centers of the spine. ...
www.astrogems.com/yoga_masters.htm - 57k - Cached - Similar pages
cialis viagra levitra: only new cialis viagra levitra here
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--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 17 mins (2005-05-07 17:23:45 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
The above description of affect and effect is found in this link:
dictionary.reference.com/ help/faq/language/a/affecteffect.html
Peer comment(s):
agree |
Refugio
37 mins
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Hi Ruth! Thank you.
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agree |
Charlie Bavington
: and with Ruth's comment to the Asker
54 mins
|
Thx Charlie
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neutral |
Will Matter
: Essentially, a recapitulation of my answer, for all intents and purposes.
1 hr
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No, just 30 years legal/financial experience does. Have a nice day, Rita and relax. We're all here trying to help here.
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neutral |
RHELLER
: does not clarify; your initial entry does not come from the dictionary, does it?
1 hr
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Quoting a dictionary doesn't seem to be an opinion to me, Rita.
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agree |
Kirill Semenov
1 hr
|
Thank you Kirill
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agree |
Ken Cox
: yep, although 'effect' is quite commonly used as a verb in certain contexts (legal & scientific, for exampls), and 'affect' is a very standard noun in psychological contexts (as noted by other responders).
2 hrs
|
Got the feeling we're all saying the same thing..:))))
|
18 mins
Variations exist.
Affect (noun): feeling, affection, emotional disposition. (Not used in everyday language, byut used extensively in psychology. For instance, psychologists measure individual's affective and cognitive responses toward other people or objects.)
Affect (verb, transitive): (1) to produce a material influence upon or alteration in; (2) to act upon.
Example: "The injury affected his speech."
Effect (noun): (1) basic meaning, essence; (2) something that follows an antecedant (which acts a cause), hence the phrase "cause and effect"; (3) and outward sign or appearance or the creation of a a desired impression ("Her tears were only for effect." and "Special effects in films.")
Addition variations exist. See Merriam Webster online.
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Note added at 21 mins (2005-05-07 17:27:06 GMT)
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IN social pysochology, AFFECT is a MEASURE. An individual may have a positive or negative affect toward another person or object.
Affect (verb, transitive): (1) to produce a material influence upon or alteration in; (2) to act upon.
Example: "The injury affected his speech."
Effect (noun): (1) basic meaning, essence; (2) something that follows an antecedant (which acts a cause), hence the phrase "cause and effect"; (3) and outward sign or appearance or the creation of a a desired impression ("Her tears were only for effect." and "Special effects in films.")
Addition variations exist. See Merriam Webster online.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 21 mins (2005-05-07 17:27:06 GMT)
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IN social pysochology, AFFECT is a MEASURE. An individual may have a positive or negative affect toward another person or object.
+9
1 hr
NOT FOR GRADING
the two most common mistakes in English are confusing these 2 words and "loose vs lose".
Before dealing with connotations, define each word.
As a verb, (less commonly used in the U.S.) effect means “to bring about or execute.” Thus, using effect in the sentence The measures have been designed to effect savings implies that the measures will cause new savings to come about.
affect = To have an influence on or effect a change in: Inflation affects the buying power of the dollar. 2. To act on the emotions of; touch or move
affect 2. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
...Inflected forms: af·fect·ed, af·fect·ing, af·fects1. verb:To put on a false show of; simulate: affected a British accent. 2a. To have or show a liking for: affects dramatic...
Before dealing with connotations, define each word.
As a verb, (less commonly used in the U.S.) effect means “to bring about or execute.” Thus, using effect in the sentence The measures have been designed to effect savings implies that the measures will cause new savings to come about.
affect = To have an influence on or effect a change in: Inflation affects the buying power of the dollar. 2. To act on the emotions of; touch or move
affect 2. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
...Inflected forms: af·fect·ed, af·fect·ing, af·fects1. verb:To put on a false show of; simulate: affected a British accent. 2a. To have or show a liking for: affects dramatic...
Reference:
http://www.bartleby.com/64/C003/015.html
http://www.bartleby.com/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=affect&x=11&y=9
Peer comment(s):
agree |
Ken Cox
: Absolutely agree. 'Effect' is often misused by native English speakers to mean 'affect'. 'Affect' in the first sense given here has a strictly neutral connotation. In the second sense, it *may* have a negative connotation, but not necessarily.
15 mins
|
thanks Kenneth, I was beginning to feel very alone
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agree |
Kirill Semenov
: very true: a cause vs. an influencing factor (possibly, just one of many factors). And I see nothing inherently negative in the word "to affect".
15 mins
|
thanks Kirill :-)
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agree |
Tony M
: Well put, Rita! I maintain that the error arises, not from any failure to understand the meaning, but simply as a spelling mistake; you don't often HEAR this error, do you?
19 mins
|
you and I - although separated by the pond - see eye to eye on this one :-)
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agree |
Derek Gill Franßen
: I agree with you and Dusty as far as common (spelling) mistakes go. I also think that the verb "to affect" is completely neutral (as does Dusty).
1 hr
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thanks Derek :-)
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agree |
Catherine Bolton
: Just proves that lots of people can't spell, but that's ALL it means. Nothing inherently negative or positive about it. You can certainly say "I was greatly affected by that movie" to mean that the film had a positive effect on you.
2 hrs
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Hi CB!
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agree |
Can Altinbay
: Nah, using "it's" for the possessive is the most common. I think you have it put the best. I also don't agree that "affect" has a negative connotation. "Affect" can be a noun, but that use is rare.
7 hrs
|
hey Can! I forgot about it's :-) thanks!
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agree |
Will Matter
: My students have a lot of trouble with your / you're & there / they're / their also. The "Spell Check" generation, that's what I call them. ;)
9 hrs
|
well spell check does NOT correct those mistakes, as long as they are words, thanks Will!
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agree |
Saleh Chowdhury, Ph.D.
13 hrs
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thanks Saleh!
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agree |
Laurel Porter (X)
: Thank God SOMEONE got to the root of this problem! Exactly what I'd have written, had I been online. Cheers, Rita!
15 hrs
|
Hi Laurel :-) (from the Pacific)
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7 mins
I agree that affect has a negative connotation
Just look at the examples given by American Heritage in the definition.
af·fect tr.v. af·fect·ed, af·fect·ing, af·fects. 1. To have an influence on or effect a change in: Inflation affects the buying power of the dollar. 2. To act on the emotions of; touch or move. 3. To attack or infect, as a disease: Rheumatic fever can affect the heart. --af·fect n. 1. Psychology. a. A feeling or emotion as distinguished from cognition, thought, or action. b. A strong feeling having active consequences. 2. Obsolete. A disposition, feeling, or tendency
This isn't ironclad by any means, but a simple search for "positively affext" vs. "negatively affect" is enlightening I think. : )
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 15 mins (2005-05-07 17:20:55 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Q. What is the difference between affect and effect?
A. Read on . . .
As a verb, to affect means \"to act upon or have an influence on\": \"Sunless days affect my mood.\" It can also mean \"to make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume\"; as, \"to affect ignorance.\" To effect means \"to bring about or create\"; as, \"to effect a change.\" If you affect something, you do to it. If you effect something, you cause it to be. Advertising might affect the sales of widgets (by causing them to increase), or it can effect sales (bring them about) if, for example, there were no sales at all to begin with.
As a noun, effect means \"result, consequence, outcome.\" An effect is that which is produced when you affect something: \"The poem affected me deeply; it really had an effect on me.\" Affect as a noun is a term from the field of psychotherapy meaning \"the emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state.\" If you are not a psychiatrist or social scientist, you will likely have little use for it.
To make it simple, or at least less complicated, keep in mind that usually if you want a noun, the word you want is effect, but if you want a verb, the word you want is affect.
http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/a/affectef...
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Note added at 18 mins (2005-05-07 17:24:44 GMT)
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Results 1 - 10 of about 115 for \"would not be adversely effected\".
Results 1 - 10 of about 12,000 for \"would not be adversely affected\".
Once again, this isn\'t proof per se but I think it\'s pretty darn compelling.
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Note added at 44 mins (2005-05-07 17:50:23 GMT)
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Drunya,
I agreed that \"affect\" is usually used in a negative connotation. Second reference pertains to usage. Third reference was in direct response to an Asker note.
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Note added at 3 hrs 58 mins (2005-05-07 21:04:07 GMT)
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Perhaps I should have been clearer. No, in light of the numerous responses that piled up while I enjoyed a rare sunny day outside, I definitely should have been. I agreed with Irene that \"affect\" is usually used in a negative sense. That was the point I was trying to make with the definition from the American Heritage dictionary. As I reread my answer I can see where the grounds for confusion came up. My apologies.
That said, I feel pretty comfortable with saying that \"affect\" is used more often than not in a negative sense (this is where the % part comes in Ruth). The word does not in and of itself have a negative connotation. I do think that maybe more was read into this than was necessary and that some of my fellow Prozians seem to be suffering from a slight case of \"disagreeitis\". Just because I\'m not following the \"Gospel according to <insert your name here if the shoe fits> does not mean that said answer is incorrect. Thanks everyone for your comments. : )
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Note added at 4 hrs 19 mins (2005-05-07 21:25:19 GMT)
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Perhaps I should have been clearer. No, in light of the numerous responses that piled up while I enjoyed a rare sunny day outside, I definitely should have been. I agreed with Irene that \"affect\" is usually used in a negative sense. That was the point I was trying to make with the definition from the American Heritage dictionary. As I reread my answer I can see where the grounds for confusion came up. My apologies.
That said, I feel pretty comfortable with saying that \"affect\" is used more often than not in a negative sense (this is where the % part comes in Ruth). The word does not in and of itself have a negative connotation. I do think that maybe more was read into this than was necessary and that some of my fellow Prozians seem to be suffering from a slight case of \"disagreeitis\". Just because I\'m not following the \"Gospel according to <insert your name here if the shoe fits> does not mean that said answer is incorrect. Thanks everyone for your comments. : )
af·fect tr.v. af·fect·ed, af·fect·ing, af·fects. 1. To have an influence on or effect a change in: Inflation affects the buying power of the dollar. 2. To act on the emotions of; touch or move. 3. To attack or infect, as a disease: Rheumatic fever can affect the heart. --af·fect n. 1. Psychology. a. A feeling or emotion as distinguished from cognition, thought, or action. b. A strong feeling having active consequences. 2. Obsolete. A disposition, feeling, or tendency
This isn't ironclad by any means, but a simple search for "positively affext" vs. "negatively affect" is enlightening I think. : )
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 15 mins (2005-05-07 17:20:55 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Q. What is the difference between affect and effect?
A. Read on . . .
As a verb, to affect means \"to act upon or have an influence on\": \"Sunless days affect my mood.\" It can also mean \"to make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume\"; as, \"to affect ignorance.\" To effect means \"to bring about or create\"; as, \"to effect a change.\" If you affect something, you do to it. If you effect something, you cause it to be. Advertising might affect the sales of widgets (by causing them to increase), or it can effect sales (bring them about) if, for example, there were no sales at all to begin with.
As a noun, effect means \"result, consequence, outcome.\" An effect is that which is produced when you affect something: \"The poem affected me deeply; it really had an effect on me.\" Affect as a noun is a term from the field of psychotherapy meaning \"the emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state.\" If you are not a psychiatrist or social scientist, you will likely have little use for it.
To make it simple, or at least less complicated, keep in mind that usually if you want a noun, the word you want is effect, but if you want a verb, the word you want is affect.
http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/a/affectef...
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 18 mins (2005-05-07 17:24:44 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Results 1 - 10 of about 115 for \"would not be adversely effected\".
Results 1 - 10 of about 12,000 for \"would not be adversely affected\".
Once again, this isn\'t proof per se but I think it\'s pretty darn compelling.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 44 mins (2005-05-07 17:50:23 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Drunya,
I agreed that \"affect\" is usually used in a negative connotation. Second reference pertains to usage. Third reference was in direct response to an Asker note.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 hrs 58 mins (2005-05-07 21:04:07 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Perhaps I should have been clearer. No, in light of the numerous responses that piled up while I enjoyed a rare sunny day outside, I definitely should have been. I agreed with Irene that \"affect\" is usually used in a negative sense. That was the point I was trying to make with the definition from the American Heritage dictionary. As I reread my answer I can see where the grounds for confusion came up. My apologies.
That said, I feel pretty comfortable with saying that \"affect\" is used more often than not in a negative sense (this is where the % part comes in Ruth). The word does not in and of itself have a negative connotation. I do think that maybe more was read into this than was necessary and that some of my fellow Prozians seem to be suffering from a slight case of \"disagreeitis\". Just because I\'m not following the \"Gospel according to <insert your name here if the shoe fits> does not mean that said answer is incorrect. Thanks everyone for your comments. : )
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 4 hrs 19 mins (2005-05-07 21:25:19 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Perhaps I should have been clearer. No, in light of the numerous responses that piled up while I enjoyed a rare sunny day outside, I definitely should have been. I agreed with Irene that \"affect\" is usually used in a negative sense. That was the point I was trying to make with the definition from the American Heritage dictionary. As I reread my answer I can see where the grounds for confusion came up. My apologies.
That said, I feel pretty comfortable with saying that \"affect\" is used more often than not in a negative sense (this is where the % part comes in Ruth). The word does not in and of itself have a negative connotation. I do think that maybe more was read into this than was necessary and that some of my fellow Prozians seem to be suffering from a slight case of \"disagreeitis\". Just because I\'m not following the \"Gospel according to <insert your name here if the shoe fits> does not mean that said answer is incorrect. Thanks everyone for your comments. : )
Peer comment(s):
neutral |
Drunya
: Robert, I got confused. You started by agreeing with the negative connotation, then quoted references that mention nothing of the sort, and now quote "adversely affected", which would then be redundant. What's your position, exactly? ;-)
21 mins
|
Gotcha, look up. : )
|
|
disagree |
Refugio
: There are many positive connotations for the word affect, in the areas of religion, social justice, and beauty/health, to name but a few. Irene didn't ask for percentages. She stated "should not be used for describing a strictly positive impact". Wrong.
42 mins
|
Thanks Ruth. I knew that was coming. :-) Would you wager as to a percentage re: positive vs. negative? I think it leans toward the negative, not always obviously.
|
|
agree |
Will Matter
: I'd like to request all askers to read all answers thoroughly & not "read" what's NOT there.
1 hr
|
Thank you Will.
|
|
neutral |
RHELLER
: do not agree with you here; as I have stated many times, I love google but NEVER for grammar
1 hr
|
Oh boy...wasn't suggesting anything of or to pertaining to grammar here. Thanks Rita.
|
|
disagree |
Tony M
: I'm sorry, Robert, but here I really can't agree; 'to affect' is as neutral as can be; the very fact that people feel the need to say 'adversely affect' means that they don't consider it sufficiently negative for their needs.
1 hr
|
Thank you Dusty.
|
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neutral |
Ken Cox
: good definitions, but IMO 'affect' has a neutral connotation.
2 hrs
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Thanks Kenneth.
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neutral |
Elizabeth Lyons
: Well, as a former social scientist I have a lot to say, but I will hold my tongue just now. Affect does not have a negative connotation. It is either and thus neutral as I am going to be in this! :)
2 hrs
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Thank you Elizabeth.
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agree |
Vladimir Lioukaikine (X)
: When they say that smoking affects my lungs and alcohol affects my liver - I'm not really happy about it. Mind you I have a negative feeling, and more so if the doctors are positive :-)
6 hrs
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Haha, clever clever Vladimir! Thanks a bunch. : )
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Discussion
Willmatter, Robert, Rita, Ruth, Dusty, Java, Claudia and all the participants - thanks a lot!
I am very grateful to everyone who took part in this lengthy discussion.
This effects the whole world
And that the access of emergency vehicles to Oakland hospitals would not be adversely effected