Frank Szmulowicz, Ph. D. Jun 20, 2017:

There are no absolute rules in translating proper nouns. See this article:
http://www.journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJALEL/article/vie...
Conclusions:
Altogether, special attention is needed to be paid to the translation of proper nouns since it is a real challenge for all translators. Proper nouns are loaded with semantic content in the source context and there are a number of
considerations of how this content may be preserved in the target communication situation which are critically essential. Considerations include elements like the specific audience, intertextual relationships and translation norms, in consistency with the principle of relevance. Translators need a good knowledge of the background of their target audience. In addition, they must have sufficient knowledge about the content that they translate otherwise they encounter difficulties. If the original meaning changes, the intended message by the writer may not be conveyed.

Rule #1: use judgement and discretion.

Красная площадь = the Red Square
Зимний дворец = Winter Palace
Царь–колокол = Tsar Bell
Герой Социалистического Труда = Hero of Socialist Labor (not Geroy Sotsialisticheskovo Truda)

Frank Szmulowicz, Ph. D. Jun 20, 2017:

Since the Sputnik era and Gagarin's manned flight, in the US, men and women from the USSR who went into space are called cosmonauts and Americans in space are called astronauts.
An astronaut or cosmonaut (Russian: космонавт)[1] is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts
Cosmos definitely adds a Russian/Soviet flavor to the name of the mine.

serge_shp (asker) Jun 20, 2017:

Heroes of Cosmos mine - as English native do you feel it OK in this context? In place of a chief geologist would you better hire a guy with University background and thesis project about "Geroev Kosmosa" or "Heroes of Space mine"?